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<p>Cocoa (<i>Theobroma cacao</i> L.) rind, an underutilised by-product of the cocoa industry, contains significant levels of antioxidant phenolics and flavonoids. This study aimed to optimise ultrasonic-natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) assisted extraction conditions including NaDES compositions, solid–liquid ratio (SLR), water content, extraction time, and temperature for optimal polyphenolic compound recovery. Extraction parameters were first evaluated using Single Factor Experiments (SFE), followed by optimisation through response surface methodology via Central Composite Design (CCD) approach. Choline chloride:1,2-propanediol was selected as the optimal NaDES based on preliminary evaluations. The optimal polyphenol extraction conditions for cocoa rind were: SLR of 1:3, 30% water content, 45–60&#xa0;min, and 45–60&#xa0;°C, yielding a total phenolic content (TPC) of 76.10–102.95&#xa0;µg GAE/g dry powder and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 44.20–72.58&#xa0;µg QCE/g dry powder. Both cocoa rind extracts prepared at SFE and RSM conditions showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. With strong hydrogen bonding interaction and compatibility with cocoa rind, at optimized conditions, NaDES performed better than conventional solvent (water) as extraction media in extracting antioxidant-polyphenols from agricultural waste, cocoa rinds. These findings confirm ultrasonic-NaDES assisted extraction as a promising method for valorising cocoa rind as a sustainable source of antioxidant-phenolic compounds for pharmaceutical, food, beverage, and cosmetic applications.</p>

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Integrated ultrasonic–natural deep eutectic solvent-assisted extraction for standardizing polyphenol-enriched extract from cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) rind with enhanced antioxidant properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Natalie Leong Joey,
  • Nur Aqilah Ismail,
  • Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar,
  • Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain

摘要

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) rind, an underutilised by-product of the cocoa industry, contains significant levels of antioxidant phenolics and flavonoids. This study aimed to optimise ultrasonic-natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) assisted extraction conditions including NaDES compositions, solid–liquid ratio (SLR), water content, extraction time, and temperature for optimal polyphenolic compound recovery. Extraction parameters were first evaluated using Single Factor Experiments (SFE), followed by optimisation through response surface methodology via Central Composite Design (CCD) approach. Choline chloride:1,2-propanediol was selected as the optimal NaDES based on preliminary evaluations. The optimal polyphenol extraction conditions for cocoa rind were: SLR of 1:3, 30% water content, 45–60 min, and 45–60 °C, yielding a total phenolic content (TPC) of 76.10–102.95 µg GAE/g dry powder and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 44.20–72.58 µg QCE/g dry powder. Both cocoa rind extracts prepared at SFE and RSM conditions showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. With strong hydrogen bonding interaction and compatibility with cocoa rind, at optimized conditions, NaDES performed better than conventional solvent (water) as extraction media in extracting antioxidant-polyphenols from agricultural waste, cocoa rinds. These findings confirm ultrasonic-NaDES assisted extraction as a promising method for valorising cocoa rind as a sustainable source of antioxidant-phenolic compounds for pharmaceutical, food, beverage, and cosmetic applications.