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<p>White button mushrooms have an extremely high rate of respiration, while the lack of cuticle covering on their surface further compounds the perishability and thus the losses. This study investigates the efficacy of chitosan (1, 2, and 3%) nanoemulsion (CHI-NE)-based bioactive films containing vanillin (VA), lemongrass oil (LGO), and soya lecithin (SL) for quality retention and shelf life extension of WBMs. 24 treatment combinations were evaluated for various barrier (water vapor permeability (g.mm/m<sup>2</sup>. h. kPa), O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> permeability (g.mm/m<sup>2</sup>. S)) and physical (thickness (mm), surface density (g/cm<sup>3</sup>), solubility, and swelling index (%)) properties and three treatments i.e., T<sub>1</sub> (3% CHI + 0.25% LGO + 0.25% SL + 0.05% VA), T<sub>4</sub> (2% CHI, 0.25% LGO, 0.50%SL, 0.10%VA), T<sub>8</sub> (1% CHI + 0.50% LGO + 0.50% SL + 0.10%VA), were selected as the best-performing combinations having particle size 33.52 ± 1.33&#xa0;nm (T<sub>8</sub>), 238.9 ± 5.81&#xa0;nm (T<sub>4</sub>) and 373.8 ± 5.12&#xa0;nm (T<sub>1</sub>) and zeta-potential 37.4 ± 0.8&#xa0;mV (T<sub>8</sub>), 39.3 ± 0.5&#xa0;mV (T<sub>4</sub>) and 39.2 ± 0.7&#xa0;mV (T<sub>1</sub>). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (against 6 microbial strains) also confirmed their potential for quality retention of WBMs under different storage conditions. Microstructural assessment via FE-SEM and ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed effective intermolecular interactions and their impact on polymer network structure. Notably, 1% CHI-NE retained the highest organic acids (0.28 ± 0.02% and 0.31 ± 0.02%, phenols (177.37 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg GAE /100&#xa0;g and 182.46 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg GAE /100&#xa0;g), firmness (13.21 ± 0.01 N and 21.83 ± 0.01 N), ascorbic acid (12.22 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g and 19.13 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g) under ambient and refrigerated storage, respectively. These findings highlight the multifaceted role of 1% CHI-NE coating in quality retention and shelf life extension of mushrooms under ambient and refrigerated conditions offering a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic packaging.</p>

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Fabrication and characterization of nanoemulsified chitosan-based active films for quality retention and shelf-life management of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus Imbach)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Anika Panwar,
  • Satish Kumar,
  • Vikas Kumar,
  • Atul Dhiman

摘要

White button mushrooms have an extremely high rate of respiration, while the lack of cuticle covering on their surface further compounds the perishability and thus the losses. This study investigates the efficacy of chitosan (1, 2, and 3%) nanoemulsion (CHI-NE)-based bioactive films containing vanillin (VA), lemongrass oil (LGO), and soya lecithin (SL) for quality retention and shelf life extension of WBMs. 24 treatment combinations were evaluated for various barrier (water vapor permeability (g.mm/m2. h. kPa), O2 and CO2 permeability (g.mm/m2. S)) and physical (thickness (mm), surface density (g/cm3), solubility, and swelling index (%)) properties and three treatments i.e., T1 (3% CHI + 0.25% LGO + 0.25% SL + 0.05% VA), T4 (2% CHI, 0.25% LGO, 0.50%SL, 0.10%VA), T8 (1% CHI + 0.50% LGO + 0.50% SL + 0.10%VA), were selected as the best-performing combinations having particle size 33.52 ± 1.33 nm (T8), 238.9 ± 5.81 nm (T4) and 373.8 ± 5.12 nm (T1) and zeta-potential 37.4 ± 0.8 mV (T8), 39.3 ± 0.5 mV (T4) and 39.2 ± 0.7 mV (T1). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (against 6 microbial strains) also confirmed their potential for quality retention of WBMs under different storage conditions. Microstructural assessment via FE-SEM and ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed effective intermolecular interactions and their impact on polymer network structure. Notably, 1% CHI-NE retained the highest organic acids (0.28 ± 0.02% and 0.31 ± 0.02%, phenols (177.37 ± 0.01 mg GAE /100 g and 182.46 ± 0.01 mg GAE /100 g), firmness (13.21 ± 0.01 N and 21.83 ± 0.01 N), ascorbic acid (12.22 ± 0.01 mg/100 g and 19.13 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) under ambient and refrigerated storage, respectively. These findings highlight the multifaceted role of 1% CHI-NE coating in quality retention and shelf life extension of mushrooms under ambient and refrigerated conditions offering a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic packaging.