Ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction of bioactive components from selected olive fruit cultivars from Pakistan: characterization, biological potential and in silico studies
摘要
This research focuses on the phytochemicals profiling and biological potential of selected olive cultivars from Punjab, Pakistan. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous ethanolic extraction was employed as a green route to extract diversified classes of bioactive components from five olive fruit cultivars: Ottobratica (V-1), Coratina (V-2), Picual (V-3), Koroneiki (V-4), and Arbequina (V-5). The extracts were purified via liquid-liquid partitioning and evaluated for antioxidant, antibacterial, hemolytic and anti-biofilm activities and further characterized for bioactives profiling using GC-MS. A total of 38 phytochemicals including 15 phenolics, 6 fatty acids, 2 esters, 7 heterocyclic, 2 alcohols, 4 aldo-keto, 1 oxysilane & 1 hydrocarbon were identified. The V-3 olive cultivar exhibited the highest (p < 0.05) contents of phenolics, flavonoids, alcoholic, and aldo-keto compounds, as well as strongest DPPH radical scavenging, and biofilm lysing activity as evidenced by percent component analysis and correlation studies. V-3 samples extract exhibited the least RBC percent hemolysis. The olive fruit crude extracts (OFCEs) and olive fruit phenolic enriched extracts (OFPEEs) from V-2 & V-3 exhibited superior anti-bacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Molecular docking data showed that β-sitosterol, quercetin, squalene, and 1’-hydroxy-4,3’-dimethyl-bicyclohexyl-3,3’-dien-2-one, although present in small amount, are the best ligands with potent binding affinities, supporting the antibacterial potential of the tested olive fruits extracts against S. aureus and E. coli. The phytochemicals profiling and biological activities data of the present study can be valuable towards exploring the functional food and nutra-pharmaceutical applications of these newly developed Pakistani olive cultivars.