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<p>This study recovered phenolic compounds from pomegranate fruit peel using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and compared its efficiency with conventional solvent extraction (CSE). The UAE process was optimized by evaluating ethanol concentration (EC) (20–100%), solvent: solid ratio (SSR) (10–30:1&#xa0;mL/g), and extraction time (ET) (15–35&#xa0;min). The optimized sample was further characterized for in-vitro digestibility, bio-accessibility, identification of phenolic compounds, functional, morphological, and structural properties. The yield of optimized pomegranate peel extract (PPE) was 40.12%, and total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 220.96&#xa0;mg GAE/g, with an antioxidant activity (AA) of 82.94% based on DPPH scavenging activity. Similarly, the total ellagitannin content (TEC) was 261.48&#xa0;mg TAE/g, while the total flavonoid content (TFC) was 38.12&#xa0;mg QE/g, respectively. In-vitro digestibility results show TPC was decreased from 220.96&#xa0;mg GAE/g (non-digested) to 85.96&#xa0;mg GAE/g (digested). The bio-accessibility results show that the UAE extracted sample was more bio-available as compared to CSE in all gastrointestinal digestion phases. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) profile demonstrated that the PPE had the highest levels of gallic acid, followed by cinnamic acid, quercetin, and a minor amount of rutin. FTIR analysis revealed that both UAE and CSE-treated samples exhibited similar functional groups. Structural analysis indicated a broad diffraction peak with enhanced amorphous characteristics. Morphological imaging showed that the CSE-treated sample had a compact surface, while the UAE-treated sample exhibited softened tissue with disrupted cell walls. These findings suggest that pomegranate fruit peel contains valuable bioactive compounds, which have potential for applications in the development of functional foods.</p>

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Ultrasound-assisted vs. conventional extraction for sustainable recovery of bioactives from pomegranate peel: optimization, characterization, and bio-accessibility

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月21日

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  • Priti Sharad Mali,
  • Yograj Bist,
  • Pradyuman Kumar,
  • Nitin Kumar,
  • Indra Rautela

摘要

This study recovered phenolic compounds from pomegranate fruit peel using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and compared its efficiency with conventional solvent extraction (CSE). The UAE process was optimized by evaluating ethanol concentration (EC) (20–100%), solvent: solid ratio (SSR) (10–30:1 mL/g), and extraction time (ET) (15–35 min). The optimized sample was further characterized for in-vitro digestibility, bio-accessibility, identification of phenolic compounds, functional, morphological, and structural properties. The yield of optimized pomegranate peel extract (PPE) was 40.12%, and total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 220.96 mg GAE/g, with an antioxidant activity (AA) of 82.94% based on DPPH scavenging activity. Similarly, the total ellagitannin content (TEC) was 261.48 mg TAE/g, while the total flavonoid content (TFC) was 38.12 mg QE/g, respectively. In-vitro digestibility results show TPC was decreased from 220.96 mg GAE/g (non-digested) to 85.96 mg GAE/g (digested). The bio-accessibility results show that the UAE extracted sample was more bio-available as compared to CSE in all gastrointestinal digestion phases. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) profile demonstrated that the PPE had the highest levels of gallic acid, followed by cinnamic acid, quercetin, and a minor amount of rutin. FTIR analysis revealed that both UAE and CSE-treated samples exhibited similar functional groups. Structural analysis indicated a broad diffraction peak with enhanced amorphous characteristics. Morphological imaging showed that the CSE-treated sample had a compact surface, while the UAE-treated sample exhibited softened tissue with disrupted cell walls. These findings suggest that pomegranate fruit peel contains valuable bioactive compounds, which have potential for applications in the development of functional foods.