Progress in graphene-based electrochemical sensors for antibiotic residue detection

The presence of antibiotic residues in food products due to the extensive use of antibiotics in animal farming poses significant risks to human health and contributes to antimicrobial resistance. Conventional methods for antibiotic residue detection, such as LC-MS/MS and immunoassays, have limitations in terms of cost, analysis time, and complexity. Graphene-based electrochemical sensors have emerged as promising alternatives for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of antibiotic residues in food. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the development and application of graphene-based electrochemical sensors for antibiotic residue monitoring. We critically examine the strategies for graphene synthesis, modification, and integration with recognition elements, as well as the fabrication and performance characteristics of these sensors. The unique advantages of graphene, such as high surface area and electrical conductivity, are highlighted, along with the challenges and limitations in practical implementation. Furthermore, we discuss future perspectives and research directions, emphasizing the need for multi-residue detection, sensor miniaturization, and validation in real-world settings. The role of advanced nanomaterial composites, novel recognition elements, and data analysis techniques in improving sensor performance is also explored. By providing a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge and identifying key research gaps and opportunities, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and stakeholders interested in developing graphene-based electrochemical sensors for antibiotic residue detection in food safety applications, ultimately contributing to the protection of consumer health and the fight against antimicrobial resistance.