<p>Various types of vegetative cover, predominantly woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands, provide a range of habitats for urban organisms and are the main contributors to urban ecosystem services. The goal of this study was to assess the potential of different vegetation types in maintaining and enhancing bryophyte diversity in urban areas. Bryophytes, small non-vascular plants, in woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands in Hefei city (eastern China) were investigated, and their species richness, abundance, community composition and relationships with habitat characteristics were analysed. The results show that urban woodlands had the highest species richness and abundance of bryophytes and a distinct community composition compared with the other vegetation types. Relative light intensity had a positive effect on species richness in urban woodlands, whereas litter cover had a negative effect on abundance. Shrub, grass and litter covers, and relative air humidity were the main factors driving the differences in bryophyte species composition between woodlands and other vegetation types. Therefore, owing to their high potential to maintain bryophyte diversity, woodlands should receive increased attention during the construction of urban green spaces. In addition, promoting structural heterogeneity and increasing light availability would be beneficial to bryophyte species diversity.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>