Winter–spring minimum temperature variations inferred from tree-ring δ¹³C in southeastern China

Long-term temperature variations inferred from high-resolution proxies provide an important context to evaluate the intensity of current warming. However, temperature reconstructions in humid southeastern China are scarce and particularly lack long-term data, limiting us to obtain a complete picture of regional temperature evolution. In this study, we present a well-verified reconstruction of winter-spring (January–April) minimum temperatures over southeastern China based on stable carbon isotopic (δ¹³C) records of tree rings from Taxus wallichiana var. mairei from 1860 to 2014. This reconstruction accounted for 56.4% of the total observed variance. Cold periods occurred during the 1860s–1910s and 1960s–1970s. Although temperatures have had an upward trend since the 1920s, most of the cold extremes were in recent decades. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variance acted as a key modulator of regional winter-spring minimum temperature variability. However, teleconnections between them were a nonlinear process, i.e., a reduced or enhanced ENSO variance may result in a weakened or intensified temperature-ENSO relationship.