Performance Degradation, Failures, and a New Strategy for Enhancing Efficiency: Selecting Optimal Polycrystalline Silicon PV Modules for Different Cities in Northern Algeria

The reliability of photovoltaic modules (PVM) is essential for the sustained functionality of solar energy systems, especially under the climatic conditions of northern Algeria. This research aims to provide insights into the performance degradation of glass/glass (G/G) PVM and develop strategies to mitigate failures. The study focuses on measurement techniques for detecting and investigating PVM failures, following IEC 61215-2-4.1.2 standards. The analysis includes standard test conditions (STC) for controlling electrical parameters, temperature coefficient (Tc) tests, and thermography using infrared cameras for hotspot detection. Results from one year of outdoor operation show a degradation in maximum power (Pmax) of PVM ranging from 9.04 to 10.88%, with temperature coefficient values for Pmax, Isc, and Voc measured at − 0.08%/°C, − 0.03%/°C, and + 0.04%/°C, respectively, compared to data sheet values. The study highlights the impact of environmental challenges such as high humidity, saline lake conditions, and airport vibrations. Vibrations from aircraft operations can cause mechanical stresses, leading to micro-cracking, delamination, and solder joint fatigue, which accelerate PV module degradation. Recommendations for Algeria include improving PV module certification, adopting international standards, and enhancing installer training to support the PV energy transition program effectively.