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<p>The development of environmentally friendly ferroelectric materials has intensified the search for high-performance lead-free alternatives to conventional Pb-based systems. In this work, a novel co-doped perovskite Sr<sub>0.1</sub>Na<sub>0.9</sub>(Sn<sub>0.25</sub>Ti<sub>0.75</sub>)<sub>0.1</sub>Nb<sub>0.9</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was successfully synthesized via a conventional solid-state route and systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement confirms the formation of a single-phase tetragonal structure (P4mm), demonstrating effective stabilization of the perovskite lattice through A- and B-site co substitution. Raman spectroscopy reveals well-defined vibrational modes of NbO<sub>6</sub> octahedra, with temperature-dependent evolution evidencing a structural phase transition at <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> ≈ 412&#xa0;K. Ferroelectric measurements exhibit a well-saturated hysteresis loop, confirming strong ferroelectric behavior at room temperature. Impedance spectroscopy indicates distinct contributions from grains and grain boundaries, highlighting heterogeneous electrical conduction pathways. AC conductivity follows Jonscher’s universal power law, and the temperature dependence of the frequency exponent suggests a non-overlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) mechanism as the dominant conduction process. Temperature-dependent dielectric data successfully resolved two critical structural milestones: the polymorphic phase transition (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>) at 412&#xa0;K and the ferroelectric to paraelectric Curie temperature (<i>T</i>c) at 522&#xa0;K. These explicit numerical thresholds demonstrate the robust thermal stability of the induced macro-polar ferroelectric domains achieved through our co-doping protocol. Overall, these results demonstrate a strong coupling between structural distortion and electrical properties, establishing this co-doped perovskite as a promising candidate for lead-free ferroelectric devices and energy storage applications.</p>

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Insight into Structure, Alternating Current Conductivity, and Ferroelectric Phase Transition of Lead-Free Sr0.1Na0.9(Sn0.25Ti0.75)0.1Nb0.9O3 Perovskite for Multifunctional Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Noweir Ahmad Alghamdi

摘要

The development of environmentally friendly ferroelectric materials has intensified the search for high-performance lead-free alternatives to conventional Pb-based systems. In this work, a novel co-doped perovskite Sr0.1Na0.9(Sn0.25Ti0.75)0.1Nb0.9O3 was successfully synthesized via a conventional solid-state route and systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement confirms the formation of a single-phase tetragonal structure (P4mm), demonstrating effective stabilization of the perovskite lattice through A- and B-site co substitution. Raman spectroscopy reveals well-defined vibrational modes of NbO6 octahedra, with temperature-dependent evolution evidencing a structural phase transition at T1 ≈ 412 K. Ferroelectric measurements exhibit a well-saturated hysteresis loop, confirming strong ferroelectric behavior at room temperature. Impedance spectroscopy indicates distinct contributions from grains and grain boundaries, highlighting heterogeneous electrical conduction pathways. AC conductivity follows Jonscher’s universal power law, and the temperature dependence of the frequency exponent suggests a non-overlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) mechanism as the dominant conduction process. Temperature-dependent dielectric data successfully resolved two critical structural milestones: the polymorphic phase transition (T1) at 412 K and the ferroelectric to paraelectric Curie temperature (Tc) at 522 K. These explicit numerical thresholds demonstrate the robust thermal stability of the induced macro-polar ferroelectric domains achieved through our co-doping protocol. Overall, these results demonstrate a strong coupling between structural distortion and electrical properties, establishing this co-doped perovskite as a promising candidate for lead-free ferroelectric devices and energy storage applications.