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<p>This study outlines the prospects of cladding Ti matrix with Cu powder by the pre-placed slurry method. A comparative analysis is proposed for single clad tracks developed using the metal injection (MI) and pre-placed slurry (PS) method for the same input variables. The clad layer was developed by tuning two input variables; beam power (400-600&#xa0;W range) and scan velocity (10-30&#xa0;mm/s&#xa0;range) while the powder feed rate was fixed at 8&#xa0;g/min for MI process. The aim of this analysis is to establish relationship between beam irradiation parameters and geometrical features of the MI and PS processed clads using two universal scaling laws. Based on a spreadsheet calculation model, it is identified that the transformation from conduction to keyhole mode melt transpired at an <i>H</i> value of 5.2 and a Pe value of 15.3. The thermal distribution in the clad governs the grain refinement and microhardness scale. The selected beam power and scan velocity significantly governed the melt pool behavior, cooling rate, intermetallic phase evolution, and defect formation during clad development. The PS processed clads exhibited comparatively defect-free morphology due to stable conduction-dominated thermal behavior and controlled melt solidification. The transition from conduction to convection heat dissipation mode resulted in the evolution of refined cellular cells to random platelets structures. The outcomes from the results will help in establishing an optimal technological parameter combination set for the development of clad surfaces with slurry-based approach for process compatibility and bio-medical applications.</p>

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Laser Cladding of Ti-Cu Alloys via Slurry and Injection Methods: Process-Microstructure Correlations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Sohini Chowdhury,
  • N. Arunachalam,
  • N. Yadaiah

摘要

This study outlines the prospects of cladding Ti matrix with Cu powder by the pre-placed slurry method. A comparative analysis is proposed for single clad tracks developed using the metal injection (MI) and pre-placed slurry (PS) method for the same input variables. The clad layer was developed by tuning two input variables; beam power (400-600 W range) and scan velocity (10-30 mm/s range) while the powder feed rate was fixed at 8 g/min for MI process. The aim of this analysis is to establish relationship between beam irradiation parameters and geometrical features of the MI and PS processed clads using two universal scaling laws. Based on a spreadsheet calculation model, it is identified that the transformation from conduction to keyhole mode melt transpired at an H value of 5.2 and a Pe value of 15.3. The thermal distribution in the clad governs the grain refinement and microhardness scale. The selected beam power and scan velocity significantly governed the melt pool behavior, cooling rate, intermetallic phase evolution, and defect formation during clad development. The PS processed clads exhibited comparatively defect-free morphology due to stable conduction-dominated thermal behavior and controlled melt solidification. The transition from conduction to convection heat dissipation mode resulted in the evolution of refined cellular cells to random platelets structures. The outcomes from the results will help in establishing an optimal technological parameter combination set for the development of clad surfaces with slurry-based approach for process compatibility and bio-medical applications.