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<p>This work examines the microstructural evolution and hardness response of Monel 400 alloy sheets subjected to Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF), aiming to clarify the deformation mechanisms governing this nickel-based material during localized plastic forming. Sheets of 0.6, 0.8-, and 1.0-mm thickness were incrementally formed and subsequently characterized using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and hardness testing. The undeformed sheets exhibited equiaxed, recrystallized grains with random orientations and predominantly high-angle grain boundaries. Post-forming observations revealed grain elongation, refinement through subgrain boundary formation, and an overall increase in local misorientation parameters (KAM and GOS), particularly in the thinnest sheet, signifying enhanced dislocation activity and lattice distortion. The rise in low-angle grain boundaries indicated substructure evolution, while texture analysis showed a transformation from weak random orientations to pronounced {111} and {110} components, with the highest intensity observed in the 0.6&#xa0;mm sheet. Hardness measurements confirmed work hardening across all thicknesses, with the 0.8&#xa0;mm sheet showing the highest hardness value (287&#xa0;HV) and the 1.0&#xa0;mm sheet exhibiting the largest relative increase (83%). These results demonstrate that SPIF induces significant microstructural reorganization and strengthening in Monel 400, highlighting the influence of sheet thickness on deformation behavior and mechanical performance.</p>

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Microstructural Evolution and Hardness of Monel 400 Sheets Subjected to Single Point Incremental Forming

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Selvaraj Sathiyaseelan,
  • Ramanathan Kalimuthu,
  • Sathiya Narayanan Chinnaiyan,
  • K. Praveenkumar

摘要

This work examines the microstructural evolution and hardness response of Monel 400 alloy sheets subjected to Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF), aiming to clarify the deformation mechanisms governing this nickel-based material during localized plastic forming. Sheets of 0.6, 0.8-, and 1.0-mm thickness were incrementally formed and subsequently characterized using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and hardness testing. The undeformed sheets exhibited equiaxed, recrystallized grains with random orientations and predominantly high-angle grain boundaries. Post-forming observations revealed grain elongation, refinement through subgrain boundary formation, and an overall increase in local misorientation parameters (KAM and GOS), particularly in the thinnest sheet, signifying enhanced dislocation activity and lattice distortion. The rise in low-angle grain boundaries indicated substructure evolution, while texture analysis showed a transformation from weak random orientations to pronounced {111} and {110} components, with the highest intensity observed in the 0.6 mm sheet. Hardness measurements confirmed work hardening across all thicknesses, with the 0.8 mm sheet showing the highest hardness value (287 HV) and the 1.0 mm sheet exhibiting the largest relative increase (83%). These results demonstrate that SPIF induces significant microstructural reorganization and strengthening in Monel 400, highlighting the influence of sheet thickness on deformation behavior and mechanical performance.