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<p>This study investigates the influence of nanoparticle geometry and concentration on the processing, microstructure, and flexural performance of Kevlar fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Zero-dimensional nanodiamonds (NDs), one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and two-dimensional graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were incorporated into a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-modified epoxy matrix at loadings of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.%. Composites were fabricated using Kevlar fabric and systematically evaluated to establish relationships among rheology, porosity, and mechanical behavior. Rheological analysis revealed that viscosity increased with nanoparticle content, following the trend GNP &gt; CNT &gt; ND, with GNPs producing the greatest increase due to their high surface area and planar morphology. Porosity analysis indicated that void content was lowest at 0.5 wt.% and increased at higher loadings due to agglomeration and reduced fiber wetting. Flexural testing demonstrated that intermediate loading (~&#xa0;1.0 wt.%) provides optimal performance. Relative to neat Kevlar/epoxy (~&#xa0;100&#xa0;MPa), ~ 1.0 wt.% CNT achieved ~ 140&#xa0;MPa (≈&#xa0;40% improvement), while ~ 1.0 wt.% GNP reached ~ 130&#xa0;MPa (≈&#xa0;30% improvement). At 0.5 wt.%, GNP improved strength to ~ 120&#xa0;MPa, whereas CNT and ND systems showed modest gains (~&#xa0;105-110&#xa0;MPa). At 2.0 wt.%, performance declined (GNP ~ 110&#xa0;MPa, CNT ~ 105&#xa0;MPa, ND ~ 90&#xa0;MPa) due to increased viscosity, nanoparticle agglomeration, and defect formation. Flexural modulus exhibited a similar trend, peaking near 1.0 wt.% CNT, indicating effective matrix stiffening under well-dispersed conditions. Overall, the results identify a practical optimum of 0.5-1.0 wt.% nanofiller and demonstrate that nanoparticle geometry governs rheology, dispersion, and porosity, which in turn control crack behavior and mechanical performance. This study establishes a comprehensive processing–structure–property framework for optimizing Kevlar fiber-reinforced nanocomposites.</p>

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Comparative Evaluation of Carbon-Based Nanoparticle Reinforcement on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Kevlar/Epoxy Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Tofatun Jannat,
  • Xingyu Wang,
  • Ying Huang

摘要

This study investigates the influence of nanoparticle geometry and concentration on the processing, microstructure, and flexural performance of Kevlar fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Zero-dimensional nanodiamonds (NDs), one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and two-dimensional graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were incorporated into a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-modified epoxy matrix at loadings of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.%. Composites were fabricated using Kevlar fabric and systematically evaluated to establish relationships among rheology, porosity, and mechanical behavior. Rheological analysis revealed that viscosity increased with nanoparticle content, following the trend GNP > CNT > ND, with GNPs producing the greatest increase due to their high surface area and planar morphology. Porosity analysis indicated that void content was lowest at 0.5 wt.% and increased at higher loadings due to agglomeration and reduced fiber wetting. Flexural testing demonstrated that intermediate loading (~ 1.0 wt.%) provides optimal performance. Relative to neat Kevlar/epoxy (~ 100 MPa), ~ 1.0 wt.% CNT achieved ~ 140 MPa (≈ 40% improvement), while ~ 1.0 wt.% GNP reached ~ 130 MPa (≈ 30% improvement). At 0.5 wt.%, GNP improved strength to ~ 120 MPa, whereas CNT and ND systems showed modest gains (~ 105-110 MPa). At 2.0 wt.%, performance declined (GNP ~ 110 MPa, CNT ~ 105 MPa, ND ~ 90 MPa) due to increased viscosity, nanoparticle agglomeration, and defect formation. Flexural modulus exhibited a similar trend, peaking near 1.0 wt.% CNT, indicating effective matrix stiffening under well-dispersed conditions. Overall, the results identify a practical optimum of 0.5-1.0 wt.% nanofiller and demonstrate that nanoparticle geometry governs rheology, dispersion, and porosity, which in turn control crack behavior and mechanical performance. This study establishes a comprehensive processing–structure–property framework for optimizing Kevlar fiber-reinforced nanocomposites.