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<p>Failure of orthopaedic implants due to surface and mechanical degradation remains a critical clinical challenge. To address this, biocompatible tantalum (Ta) coatings have been explored for their ability to enhance the durability and performance of implants under physiological conditions. This study investigates the microstructural, surface, and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel cryogenically machined, coated with Ta by direct current magnetron sputtering, and sintered at 250 and 450&#xa0;°C. Uniform coatings with stable thickness (~ 2&#xa0;µm) and high Ta content (&gt; 95 wt.%) exhibited robust thermal stability, with sintering facilitating Ta grain expansion and densification. At 450&#xa0;°C, the mechanical properties were substantially strengthened, with hardness increasing from 5.5 to 10.5 GPa and Young’s modulus increasing from 115 to 309 GPa. Sintering at 250&#xa0;°C substantially reduced surface roughness, with both average and root mean square values decreasing by 45-50%, yielding smooth surfaces. All Ta-coated surfaces exhibited moderate contact angles of 86° to 90°, supporting conditions that inhibit bacterial adhesion and facilitate early osseointegration. These findings demonstrate a clear process–property relationship for Ta coatings on stainless steel within the investigated range, highlighting surface refinement at 250&#xa0;°C and enhanced mechanical strengthening at 450&#xa0;°C for potential load-bearing orthopaedic applications.</p>

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Optimization of Low-Temperature Sintering of Tantalum-Coated Cryogenic Machined Stainless Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • Asiah Shamsudin,
  • Al Basir,
  • Rodianah Alias,
  • Nashrah Hani Jamadon,
  • Animesh K. Basak,
  • Afifah Zakiyyah Juri

摘要

Failure of orthopaedic implants due to surface and mechanical degradation remains a critical clinical challenge. To address this, biocompatible tantalum (Ta) coatings have been explored for their ability to enhance the durability and performance of implants under physiological conditions. This study investigates the microstructural, surface, and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel cryogenically machined, coated with Ta by direct current magnetron sputtering, and sintered at 250 and 450 °C. Uniform coatings with stable thickness (~ 2 µm) and high Ta content (> 95 wt.%) exhibited robust thermal stability, with sintering facilitating Ta grain expansion and densification. At 450 °C, the mechanical properties were substantially strengthened, with hardness increasing from 5.5 to 10.5 GPa and Young’s modulus increasing from 115 to 309 GPa. Sintering at 250 °C substantially reduced surface roughness, with both average and root mean square values decreasing by 45-50%, yielding smooth surfaces. All Ta-coated surfaces exhibited moderate contact angles of 86° to 90°, supporting conditions that inhibit bacterial adhesion and facilitate early osseointegration. These findings demonstrate a clear process–property relationship for Ta coatings on stainless steel within the investigated range, highlighting surface refinement at 250 °C and enhanced mechanical strengthening at 450 °C for potential load-bearing orthopaedic applications.