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<p>This study investigates the fabrication of Inconel 625/SS 316L functionally graded material (FGM) using cold metal transfer (CMT), a variant of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). WAAM is associated with reduced processing time and cost, and the fabricated FGM exhibited good forming quality. By adjusting the wire feed speed of the auxiliary wire, gradient materials were produced in which the mass fraction of Inconel 625 varied from 100 to 75 wt.%. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated materials were systematically investigated. The results indicate that along the build direction, the grain structure of the FGM consists of cellular grains, columnar dendrites, and equiaxed grains. The Inconel 625 exhibited an elongation of 69 ± 0.8%, the FGM showed an elongation of 53.3 ± 6.4%, and the SS 316L had an elongation of 34.4 ± 2.8%. The FGM exhibited improved ductility compared with SS 316L. Furthermore, the tensile fracture mechanism was identified as a typical microvoid coalescence ductile fracture. This study demonstrates the potential of WAAM to fabricate functionally graded material with tailored properties.</p>

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Study on the Microstructure and Properties of In625/316L Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Yangsen Liu,
  • Xiaoli Wang,
  • Qi Zhang,
  • Zibo Zhou,
  • Zhipeng Zhao,
  • Qingxian Hu

摘要

This study investigates the fabrication of Inconel 625/SS 316L functionally graded material (FGM) using cold metal transfer (CMT), a variant of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). WAAM is associated with reduced processing time and cost, and the fabricated FGM exhibited good forming quality. By adjusting the wire feed speed of the auxiliary wire, gradient materials were produced in which the mass fraction of Inconel 625 varied from 100 to 75 wt.%. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated materials were systematically investigated. The results indicate that along the build direction, the grain structure of the FGM consists of cellular grains, columnar dendrites, and equiaxed grains. The Inconel 625 exhibited an elongation of 69 ± 0.8%, the FGM showed an elongation of 53.3 ± 6.4%, and the SS 316L had an elongation of 34.4 ± 2.8%. The FGM exhibited improved ductility compared with SS 316L. Furthermore, the tensile fracture mechanism was identified as a typical microvoid coalescence ductile fracture. This study demonstrates the potential of WAAM to fabricate functionally graded material with tailored properties.