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<p>The mechanical behavior of annealed AISI 304 stainless steel was systematically evaluated using the small punch test (SPT) over a temperature range of 50 to − 196&#xa0;°C. The results revealed a strong temperature dependence: The ultimate stress significantly increased with decreasing temperature, while ductility (<i>Z</i><sub>max</sub>) reached a maximum around − 40&#xa0;°C before declining at lower temperatures. Work-hardening analysis showed a distinct peak that became more pronounced and shifted with decreasing temperature, reflecting the role of the TRIP effect in enhancing ductility. XRD confirmed progressive strain-induced <i>α</i>′-martensite formation, and stacking fault energy (SFE) calculations explained the accelerated martensitic kinetics at cryogenic temperatures. At − 196&#xa0;°C, rapid martensite formation at lower strains caused reduced ductility despite high strength, as further supported by SEM fracture observations. The results demonstrate that the small punch test is highly capable of capturing temperature-dependent work-hardening behavior and TRIP-assisted deformation in metastable austenitic stainless steel. The combined SPT, XRD, and SFE analyses reveal that enhanced martensitic kinetics at cryogenic temperatures lead to significant strength improvement but reduced ductility at − 196&#xa0;°C due to early martensite saturation. These findings establish SPT as a reliable miniature technique for probing cryogenic deformation mechanisms in austenitic stainless steels.</p>

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Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties and Work-Hardening Behavior of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel at Cryogenic Temperatures by Small Punch Testing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Milad Zolfipour Aghdam,
  • Nasser Soltani,
  • Mohammad Javad Sohrabi,
  • Mostafa Khodaie,
  • Hadi Nobakhti

摘要

The mechanical behavior of annealed AISI 304 stainless steel was systematically evaluated using the small punch test (SPT) over a temperature range of 50 to − 196 °C. The results revealed a strong temperature dependence: The ultimate stress significantly increased with decreasing temperature, while ductility (Zmax) reached a maximum around − 40 °C before declining at lower temperatures. Work-hardening analysis showed a distinct peak that became more pronounced and shifted with decreasing temperature, reflecting the role of the TRIP effect in enhancing ductility. XRD confirmed progressive strain-induced α′-martensite formation, and stacking fault energy (SFE) calculations explained the accelerated martensitic kinetics at cryogenic temperatures. At − 196 °C, rapid martensite formation at lower strains caused reduced ductility despite high strength, as further supported by SEM fracture observations. The results demonstrate that the small punch test is highly capable of capturing temperature-dependent work-hardening behavior and TRIP-assisted deformation in metastable austenitic stainless steel. The combined SPT, XRD, and SFE analyses reveal that enhanced martensitic kinetics at cryogenic temperatures lead to significant strength improvement but reduced ductility at − 196 °C due to early martensite saturation. These findings establish SPT as a reliable miniature technique for probing cryogenic deformation mechanisms in austenitic stainless steels.