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<p>This study examined the combined use of coal bottom ash (CBA) as a partial substitute for Portland cement (PC) and natural fine aggregate (NFA) in concrete. Ground CBA (GCBA) was processed for 2, 6 and 10 hours to achieve a particle size of 13, 9 and 6&#xa0;µm, respectively. GCBA was used to replace 10-30% of PC, while raw CBA replaced 25 and 50% of NFA. Mechanical strength and durability under aggressive conditions (acid attack, carbonation, chloride penetration and impact) were assessed after 28 and 90&#xa0;days. Microstructural analyses using XRD, SEM, FTIR and TGA confirmed the experimental trends. The mix with 20% GCBA ground for 6 hours and 25% raw CBA (P6G20C25) showed the best performance due to the pozzolanic reactivity of GCBA and the filler effect of CBA. An optimal mix comprising 21.15% GCBA (ground for 6.94&#xa0;h) and 27% CBA was identified through multi-objective optimization and subsequently prepared for validation, achieving balanced performance with high desirability. The validated impact energies (2314 and 2426&#xa0;J) closely matched predicted values (2291 and 2412&#xa0;J), while also reducing the carbon footprint and eco-cost by 16.47 and 17.87% compared to conventional concrete.</p>

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Coal Bottom Ash Concrete under Extreme Exposure Conditions: A Sustainable Solution for Environmental Protection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Nitin Ankur,
  • Navdeep Singh

摘要

This study examined the combined use of coal bottom ash (CBA) as a partial substitute for Portland cement (PC) and natural fine aggregate (NFA) in concrete. Ground CBA (GCBA) was processed for 2, 6 and 10 hours to achieve a particle size of 13, 9 and 6 µm, respectively. GCBA was used to replace 10-30% of PC, while raw CBA replaced 25 and 50% of NFA. Mechanical strength and durability under aggressive conditions (acid attack, carbonation, chloride penetration and impact) were assessed after 28 and 90 days. Microstructural analyses using XRD, SEM, FTIR and TGA confirmed the experimental trends. The mix with 20% GCBA ground for 6 hours and 25% raw CBA (P6G20C25) showed the best performance due to the pozzolanic reactivity of GCBA and the filler effect of CBA. An optimal mix comprising 21.15% GCBA (ground for 6.94 h) and 27% CBA was identified through multi-objective optimization and subsequently prepared for validation, achieving balanced performance with high desirability. The validated impact energies (2314 and 2426 J) closely matched predicted values (2291 and 2412 J), while also reducing the carbon footprint and eco-cost by 16.47 and 17.87% compared to conventional concrete.