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<p>The growing global demand for sustainable energy and the environmental limitations of fossil-fuel-based power generation have intensified interest in next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Among emerging approaches, oxide-based solar cells—particularly dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite–oxide hybrid systems—have gained considerable attention due to their low fabrication cost, material versatility, and compatibility with flexible or building-integrated photovoltaic applications. Recent studies demonstrate that nanocarbon materials and room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) can significantly enhance the performance of these devices by improving charge transport, catalytic activity, and interfacial stability. For example, graphene- or ionic liquid-modified electrolytes have been reported to increase ionic conductivity by up to ~ 93% and improve power conversion efficiency from ~ 3.1 to ~ 7.2% in DSSCs, while optimized graphene nanofiller loading can enhance device efficiency by more than 25%. Despite these advances, most RTIL-based DSSCs still exhibit moderate efficiencies (≈ 1.5-7.8%), highlighting persistent limitations related to viscosity-limited ion diffusion, charge recombination, and electrode–electrolyte interfacial losses. This review critically examines the synergistic roles of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, and RTIL-based electrolytes in oxide-based photovoltaic architectures. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the coupled ion-electron transport processes governing device operation, including the interplay between electron transit dynamics, ionic mobility, and electric double-layer formation at oxide interfaces. The review further analyzes recent progress in nanocarbon–RTIL hybrid electrolytes, quasi-solid-state systems, and multifunctional composite architectures designed to simultaneously improve conductivity, catalytic activity, and long-term stability. In addition, emerging strategies such as bicontinuous transport architectures, interface passivation approaches, and task-specific ionic liquid design are discussed as promising pathways for overcoming current transport bottlenecks. Finally, the potential of multiscale computational modeling and scalable fabrication techniques is highlighted as an enabling framework for accelerating the development of durable, high-performance oxide photovoltaics. The integration of nanocarbon engineering with RTIL-based electrolyte design thus represents a promising route toward efficient, stable, and environmentally sustainable solar energy technologies suitable for large-scale deployment.</p>

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Next-Generation Oxide-Based Photovoltaics: Role of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene Derivatives, and Ionic Liquids in Device Engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Bhumika,
  • Ravi Kumar Goyal,
  • Mayora Varshney,
  • Anshuman Sahai,
  • Fahim Ahemad,
  • Aditya Sharma

摘要

The growing global demand for sustainable energy and the environmental limitations of fossil-fuel-based power generation have intensified interest in next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Among emerging approaches, oxide-based solar cells—particularly dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite–oxide hybrid systems—have gained considerable attention due to their low fabrication cost, material versatility, and compatibility with flexible or building-integrated photovoltaic applications. Recent studies demonstrate that nanocarbon materials and room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) can significantly enhance the performance of these devices by improving charge transport, catalytic activity, and interfacial stability. For example, graphene- or ionic liquid-modified electrolytes have been reported to increase ionic conductivity by up to ~ 93% and improve power conversion efficiency from ~ 3.1 to ~ 7.2% in DSSCs, while optimized graphene nanofiller loading can enhance device efficiency by more than 25%. Despite these advances, most RTIL-based DSSCs still exhibit moderate efficiencies (≈ 1.5-7.8%), highlighting persistent limitations related to viscosity-limited ion diffusion, charge recombination, and electrode–electrolyte interfacial losses. This review critically examines the synergistic roles of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, and RTIL-based electrolytes in oxide-based photovoltaic architectures. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the coupled ion-electron transport processes governing device operation, including the interplay between electron transit dynamics, ionic mobility, and electric double-layer formation at oxide interfaces. The review further analyzes recent progress in nanocarbon–RTIL hybrid electrolytes, quasi-solid-state systems, and multifunctional composite architectures designed to simultaneously improve conductivity, catalytic activity, and long-term stability. In addition, emerging strategies such as bicontinuous transport architectures, interface passivation approaches, and task-specific ionic liquid design are discussed as promising pathways for overcoming current transport bottlenecks. Finally, the potential of multiscale computational modeling and scalable fabrication techniques is highlighted as an enabling framework for accelerating the development of durable, high-performance oxide photovoltaics. The integration of nanocarbon engineering with RTIL-based electrolyte design thus represents a promising route toward efficient, stable, and environmentally sustainable solar energy technologies suitable for large-scale deployment.