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<p>This study investigates the role of laser quenching in optimizing the microstructure and performance of Powder Plasma Arc Additive-Manufactured (PPA-AM) titanium-copper (Ti-7.3Cu) alloys, addressing critical gaps in post-processing techniques for enhancing material durability in demanding industrial applications. By systematically evaluating the interplay between laser parameters, microstructural evolution, and functional properties, this work advances the mechanistic understanding of laser quenching as a post-processing strategy for Additive Manufacturing (AM). Ti-7.3Cu alloys were produced using wire-arc powder bed fusion technology and treated with laser quenching at controlled energy densities. Advanced characterization techniques, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD/SEM), and electrochemical analyses, were employed to evaluate phase transformations, microstructural evolution, and performance metrics. Laser quenching induced the formation of a refined martensitic <i>α</i>′-Ti phase and a uniform Ti2Cu intermetallic dispersion, resulting in a 42% increase in hardness in the Ti-7.3Cu-850 alloy (from 325 ± 12 to 462 ± 15 HV) compared to untreated samples. Elevated dislocation densities and grain boundary strengthening contributed to this enhancement. Electrochemical tests further showed a 68% reduction in corrosion current density (from to 0.58 µA/cm<sup>2</sup>), due to the development of a stable Ti<sub>2</sub>Cu-enriched passive layer. Importantly, surface hydrophobicity remained consistent after quenching (contact angles: 112° ± 3° versus 110° ± 2°), confirming minimal impact on surface characteristics. These findings highlight laser quenching’s ability to enhance mechanical strength (through phase and substructural refinement) and corrosion resistance (by stabilizing the oxide layer) in AM-produced Ti-Cu alloys, without modifying surface functionality. The study offers practical guidelines for aerospace, biomedical engineering, and marine applications, where high-performance, corrosion-resistant materials are crucial. This research lays a foundation for developing advanced post-processing methods tailored to next-generation AM components by clarifying the link between processing parameters, microstructure, and properties.</p>

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Research on the Microstructural Evolution and Property Optimization of Ti-7.3% Cu Alloy Produced by Powder Arc Additive Manufacturing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Chris-Dav Chinaemerem Eze,
  • Weimin Wu,
  • Wang Yu,
  • Donglai Chen,
  • Yanhu Wang,
  • Shepherd Malunga,
  • Yifei Huang,
  • Linyi Xiong,
  • Obedience Norupiri,
  • Konovalov Sergey

摘要

This study investigates the role of laser quenching in optimizing the microstructure and performance of Powder Plasma Arc Additive-Manufactured (PPA-AM) titanium-copper (Ti-7.3Cu) alloys, addressing critical gaps in post-processing techniques for enhancing material durability in demanding industrial applications. By systematically evaluating the interplay between laser parameters, microstructural evolution, and functional properties, this work advances the mechanistic understanding of laser quenching as a post-processing strategy for Additive Manufacturing (AM). Ti-7.3Cu alloys were produced using wire-arc powder bed fusion technology and treated with laser quenching at controlled energy densities. Advanced characterization techniques, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD/SEM), and electrochemical analyses, were employed to evaluate phase transformations, microstructural evolution, and performance metrics. Laser quenching induced the formation of a refined martensitic α′-Ti phase and a uniform Ti2Cu intermetallic dispersion, resulting in a 42% increase in hardness in the Ti-7.3Cu-850 alloy (from 325 ± 12 to 462 ± 15 HV) compared to untreated samples. Elevated dislocation densities and grain boundary strengthening contributed to this enhancement. Electrochemical tests further showed a 68% reduction in corrosion current density (from to 0.58 µA/cm2), due to the development of a stable Ti2Cu-enriched passive layer. Importantly, surface hydrophobicity remained consistent after quenching (contact angles: 112° ± 3° versus 110° ± 2°), confirming minimal impact on surface characteristics. These findings highlight laser quenching’s ability to enhance mechanical strength (through phase and substructural refinement) and corrosion resistance (by stabilizing the oxide layer) in AM-produced Ti-Cu alloys, without modifying surface functionality. The study offers practical guidelines for aerospace, biomedical engineering, and marine applications, where high-performance, corrosion-resistant materials are crucial. This research lays a foundation for developing advanced post-processing methods tailored to next-generation AM components by clarifying the link between processing parameters, microstructure, and properties.