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<p>This study meticulously investigates the synthesis and characterization of <i>p</i>-type Ca<sub>2.5</sub>Ag<sub>0.3</sub>Yb<sub>0.2</sub>Co<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub> ceramic materials via the sol–gel method—a versatile and precise technique that yields homogeneous, finely grained powders. The synthesized materials were characterized using a range of techniques, including TG–DTA, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM, and TM, for comprehensive analysis. Thermoelectric performance was precisely evaluated by measuring the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, and power factor over a broad temperature spectrum. By incorporating Ag and Yb as dopants, the goal was to enhance electrical conductivity while preserving a high Seebeck coefficient, thereby boosting overall thermoelectric efficiency. At 800&#xa0;°C, the <i>p</i>-type Ca<sub>2.5</sub>Ag<sub>0.3</sub>Yb<sub>0.2</sub>Co<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub> ceramic material manifested a Seebeck coefficient of 262.03&#xa0;µV/K, an electrical resistivity of 13.52&#xa0;mΩ·cm, a thermal conductivity of 0.95&#xa0;W/m·K, and a corresponding power factor of 0.51&#xa0;mW/m·K<sup>2</sup>. The results of this study offer vital insights into the ongoing evolution of high-performance thermoelectric materials for renewable energy transformation, particularly in the aviation sector, where optimizing waste heat recovery can significantly enhance overall operational efficiency.</p>

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Sol–Gel Synthesis of Ca2.5Ag0.3Yb0.2Co4O9 Thermoelectric Materials: Mechanisms, Process Parameters, Structural Evolution, and Thermoelectrical Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月25日

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  • Enes Kilinc,
  • Fatih Uysal,
  • Mucahit Abdullah Sari,
  • Huseyin Kurt,
  • Erdal Celik

摘要

This study meticulously investigates the synthesis and characterization of p-type Ca2.5Ag0.3Yb0.2Co4O9 ceramic materials via the sol–gel method—a versatile and precise technique that yields homogeneous, finely grained powders. The synthesized materials were characterized using a range of techniques, including TG–DTA, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM, and TM, for comprehensive analysis. Thermoelectric performance was precisely evaluated by measuring the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, and power factor over a broad temperature spectrum. By incorporating Ag and Yb as dopants, the goal was to enhance electrical conductivity while preserving a high Seebeck coefficient, thereby boosting overall thermoelectric efficiency. At 800 °C, the p-type Ca2.5Ag0.3Yb0.2Co4O9 ceramic material manifested a Seebeck coefficient of 262.03 µV/K, an electrical resistivity of 13.52 mΩ·cm, a thermal conductivity of 0.95 W/m·K, and a corresponding power factor of 0.51 mW/m·K2. The results of this study offer vital insights into the ongoing evolution of high-performance thermoelectric materials for renewable energy transformation, particularly in the aviation sector, where optimizing waste heat recovery can significantly enhance overall operational efficiency.