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<p>To address resource utilization challenges of tunnel spoil (TS) and lithium slag (LS), this study develops a novel 100% waste-based controlled low-strength material (CLSM), using TS as the sole fine aggregate and a combination of LS and fly ash (FA) as the cementitious material. Key parameters—water-to-solid ratio (W/S), TS content, and FA/(FA + LS) ratio—were systematically investigated to assess their effects on fresh properties (flowability, bleeding capacity) and hardened properties (compressive/flexural strength). Results show that the increase of W/S and TS content enhances flowability and bleeding capacity. The compressive strength and flexural strength exhibited an inverse correlation with the TS content and the FA/(FA + LS) ratio. Finally, through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses of the microstructure and phase composition, an optimized formulation was proposed. The SEM and XRD tests confirmed that LS contributed to the production of cementitious materials, which can make the microstructure of CLSM denser, thereby increasing its strength. The findings are expected to provide scientific guidance for the design of sustainable backfill materials and to promote the large scale resource utilization of tunnel spoil and lithium slag in practical engineering applications such as subway construction, roadbed filling, and underground backfilling.</p>

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Sustainable Tunnel Spoil-Lithium Slag Based Controlled Low-Strength Material: Experiment Study on Fresh and Hardened Performances

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Changbin Yan,
  • Hao Xi,
  • Jianpeng Qin,
  • Xiang Xiao,
  • Xiaoli Wei,
  • Yuxuan Shi

摘要

To address resource utilization challenges of tunnel spoil (TS) and lithium slag (LS), this study develops a novel 100% waste-based controlled low-strength material (CLSM), using TS as the sole fine aggregate and a combination of LS and fly ash (FA) as the cementitious material. Key parameters—water-to-solid ratio (W/S), TS content, and FA/(FA + LS) ratio—were systematically investigated to assess their effects on fresh properties (flowability, bleeding capacity) and hardened properties (compressive/flexural strength). Results show that the increase of W/S and TS content enhances flowability and bleeding capacity. The compressive strength and flexural strength exhibited an inverse correlation with the TS content and the FA/(FA + LS) ratio. Finally, through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses of the microstructure and phase composition, an optimized formulation was proposed. The SEM and XRD tests confirmed that LS contributed to the production of cementitious materials, which can make the microstructure of CLSM denser, thereby increasing its strength. The findings are expected to provide scientific guidance for the design of sustainable backfill materials and to promote the large scale resource utilization of tunnel spoil and lithium slag in practical engineering applications such as subway construction, roadbed filling, and underground backfilling.