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<p>This study evaluates how the morphology of carbon-based reinforcements governs the tribo-mechanical behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) processed by fused filament fabrication (FFF). Five filaments were investigated: graphene (G), short carbon fiber (CF), carbon black (CB), white pigmented–TiO2–(NP), and neat PLA (N). Physico-chemical (FTIR/Raman, XRD), thermal (DSC, TGA/DTG), mechanical (tensile, flexure, hardness), and tribological (ASTM G133) analyses were performed. Friction and wear coefficients were quantified, and wear tracks/debris were examined by SEM. FTIR/Raman revealed no new functionalities, and XRD remained predominantly amorphous, confirming chemical compatibility. Printed parts retained Tg with a pronounced enthalpy-relaxation endotherm. Nucleation/organization sequence followed CF ≥ G &gt; CB &gt; NP ≈ N, lowering Tcc and ΔHcc for CF/G. Under N<sub>2</sub>, N, NP, G, and CB degraded in one step, whereas CF showed earlier <i>T</i><sub>onset</sub> and higher char yield. Morphology controlled load transfer: CB/CF increased stiffness (elastic confinement/fiber reinforcement), G provided moderate strength gains with constrained ductility, CF achieved the highest modulus but was defect-sensitive, and NP ≈ N. Tribologically, both specific wear and steady-state friction ranked CF ≈ CB &lt; G &lt; N ≈ NP across loads; higher load shortened running-in without changing the hierarchy. SEM revealed compact graphitic tribofilms for CB, cohesive fiber-anchored transfer for CF, intermittent platelet-mediated lubrication for G, and unstable transfer with microcutting for N/NP. From a design perspective, CB/CF should be prioritized when minimal friction and wear are critical, whereas G suits applications seeking mechanical gains with moderate tribological improvement; NP offers limited tribological benefit in this regime.</p>

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Influence of Carbonaceous Fillers on the Tribological Performance of Additively Manufactured PLA Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Rafael Luciano Dalcin,
  • Samara Herrmann,
  • Dalton Daniel de Lima,
  • Angélica Daiane Schneider,
  • Bruna Karine dos Santos,
  • Alexandre Aparecido Buenos,
  • Cristiano José Scheuer

摘要

This study evaluates how the morphology of carbon-based reinforcements governs the tribo-mechanical behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) processed by fused filament fabrication (FFF). Five filaments were investigated: graphene (G), short carbon fiber (CF), carbon black (CB), white pigmented–TiO2–(NP), and neat PLA (N). Physico-chemical (FTIR/Raman, XRD), thermal (DSC, TGA/DTG), mechanical (tensile, flexure, hardness), and tribological (ASTM G133) analyses were performed. Friction and wear coefficients were quantified, and wear tracks/debris were examined by SEM. FTIR/Raman revealed no new functionalities, and XRD remained predominantly amorphous, confirming chemical compatibility. Printed parts retained Tg with a pronounced enthalpy-relaxation endotherm. Nucleation/organization sequence followed CF ≥ G > CB > NP ≈ N, lowering Tcc and ΔHcc for CF/G. Under N2, N, NP, G, and CB degraded in one step, whereas CF showed earlier Tonset and higher char yield. Morphology controlled load transfer: CB/CF increased stiffness (elastic confinement/fiber reinforcement), G provided moderate strength gains with constrained ductility, CF achieved the highest modulus but was defect-sensitive, and NP ≈ N. Tribologically, both specific wear and steady-state friction ranked CF ≈ CB < G < N ≈ NP across loads; higher load shortened running-in without changing the hierarchy. SEM revealed compact graphitic tribofilms for CB, cohesive fiber-anchored transfer for CF, intermittent platelet-mediated lubrication for G, and unstable transfer with microcutting for N/NP. From a design perspective, CB/CF should be prioritized when minimal friction and wear are critical, whereas G suits applications seeking mechanical gains with moderate tribological improvement; NP offers limited tribological benefit in this regime.