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<p>Fused deposition modeling of polylactic acid is vulnerable to water-induced degradation. This study systematically investigated how nozzle temperature, layer thickness, and wall count influence water absorption and structural failure. All three parameters were statistically significant. Thicker layers accelerated water uptake, while increased wall counts improved resistance. Long-term immersion tests confirmed a failure mechanism of swelling, embrittlement, and crack propagation. For maximum durability in humid conditions, the optimal settings were a 0.1-mm layer thickness, 5 walls, and a 200&#xa0;°C nozzle temperature, providing crucial guidelines for enhancing part longevity.</p>

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A Parametric Study on the Hydrothermal Stability of Fused Deposition Modeled Polylactic Acid: The Interactive Effects of Nozzle Temperature, Layer Thickness, and Wall Count

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Mahdi Kazemi,
  • Mohammad Shahsavari,
  • Babak Houshmand

摘要

Fused deposition modeling of polylactic acid is vulnerable to water-induced degradation. This study systematically investigated how nozzle temperature, layer thickness, and wall count influence water absorption and structural failure. All three parameters were statistically significant. Thicker layers accelerated water uptake, while increased wall counts improved resistance. Long-term immersion tests confirmed a failure mechanism of swelling, embrittlement, and crack propagation. For maximum durability in humid conditions, the optimal settings were a 0.1-mm layer thickness, 5 walls, and a 200 °C nozzle temperature, providing crucial guidelines for enhancing part longevity.