<p>The aim of this study is to deeply clarify the influence law of high-content reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the dynamic mechanical properties of high-modulus reclaimed asphalt mixtures and the mechanical response of the pavement. This paper first conducted performance tests on raw materials and mix proportion design, and prepared high-modulus recycled asphalt mixtures with different RAP dosages. Through the uniaxial compression dynamic modulus test, the evolution laws of its dynamic modulus and phase angle in the wide temperature range and frequency range were systematically studied. The main curve of the dynamic modulus was constructed based on the principle of time–temperature equivalence, and the applicability of the NCHR 1-40D and Hirsch models was verified. Finally, the high-modulus recycled asphalt mixture was applied to a typical pavement structure, and its load response was calculated. The results show that with the increase in RAP content, the dynamic modulus increases significantly, while the phase angle decreases. Compared with the Hirsch model, the predicted dynamic modulus of the NCHRP 1-40 D model is closer to the measured value. Through the load response analysis, it is found that adding an appropriate amount of RAP to the mixture can reduce the tensile and compressive strains of the road surface and the structural layer, and improve the anti-deformation ability of the pavement. This research can provide a theoretical basis for the application of high-modulus recycled asphalt mixtures in road engineering.</p>