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<p>This study examines the effect of TiN ceramic reinforcement on the structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of Ni-B-W composite coatings produced by direct–current electrodeposition. Coatings were deposited on steel substrates from a nickel-based electrolyte containing boron and tungsten precursors, while TiN was added to the bath at 0-20&#xa0;g/L. The influence of TiN content on microhardness, surface morphology, friction behavior, and wear resistance was evaluated under dry sliding. Incorporation of TiN significantly enhanced the surface performance: microhardness increased from ~ 750 HV (0&#xa0;g/L) to a peak of ~ 985-990 HV at 15&#xa0;g/L (≈&#xa0;31% gain), before decreasing to ~ 825 HV at 20&#xa0;g/L due to particle overloading. The friction coefficient fell from ~ 0.52 to ~ 0.34 in the 10-15&#xa0;g/L range, accompanied by a ≈&#xa0;40% reduction in wear rate. SEM/XRD analyses indicated grain refinement and a denser, more homogeneous surface at moderate TiN levels, whereas excessive loading promoted TiN agglomeration, interfacial voids/defects, and diminished benefits. Overall, optimized TiN reinforcement affords the best balance of microstructural stability, mechanical robustness, and wear resistance for durable surface applications.</p>

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Optimizing TiN Content in Electrodeposited Ni-B-W Composite Coatings: Microstructure, Microhardness, and Dry-Sliding Tribology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Deniz Gültekin

摘要

This study examines the effect of TiN ceramic reinforcement on the structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of Ni-B-W composite coatings produced by direct–current electrodeposition. Coatings were deposited on steel substrates from a nickel-based electrolyte containing boron and tungsten precursors, while TiN was added to the bath at 0-20 g/L. The influence of TiN content on microhardness, surface morphology, friction behavior, and wear resistance was evaluated under dry sliding. Incorporation of TiN significantly enhanced the surface performance: microhardness increased from ~ 750 HV (0 g/L) to a peak of ~ 985-990 HV at 15 g/L (≈ 31% gain), before decreasing to ~ 825 HV at 20 g/L due to particle overloading. The friction coefficient fell from ~ 0.52 to ~ 0.34 in the 10-15 g/L range, accompanied by a ≈ 40% reduction in wear rate. SEM/XRD analyses indicated grain refinement and a denser, more homogeneous surface at moderate TiN levels, whereas excessive loading promoted TiN agglomeration, interfacial voids/defects, and diminished benefits. Overall, optimized TiN reinforcement affords the best balance of microstructural stability, mechanical robustness, and wear resistance for durable surface applications.