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<p>Heat input is a pivotal parameter for regulating the forming quality and performance characteristics of manufactured maraging steel by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), while the deposition rate functions as a critical variable that directly determines its magnitude. However, current research lacks a systematic investigation into the influence of deposition rate as a single factor on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. To address this gap, cold metal transfer (CMT) was adopted to prepare samples at three deposition rates of 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 mm/s, respectively. The study reveals that as the deposition rate increases, the austenite content in the samples decreases from 6.9 to 3.4%, while the proportion of martensite increases correspondingly. The grains are significantly refined, with the average grain size reducing from 46 μm to 22 μm. Additionally, the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) increases from 51.3 to 65.8%, and the mechanical properties gradually improve. From the perspective of heat input mechanisms, a low deposition rate with high heat input facilitates full molten pool spreading but results in coarse columnar grain structures and pronounced texture orientation. In contrast, a high deposition rate reduces heat accumulation by accelerating the cooling process (as evidenced by an increased t8/5 cooling rate), thereby suppressing grain growth while elevating dislocation density and HAGB ratio, leading to a synergistic enhancement of grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. This study establishes the relationship between deposition rate, microstructural evolution, and mechanical performance, providing experimental support for optimizing process parameters in the WAAM fabrication of large-scale, high-performance thin-walled maraging steel components.</p>

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Effect of Deposition Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled Manufactured Maraging Steel by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Jinchu Wan,
  • He Li,
  • Yangling Ou,
  • Chunjie Li,
  • Zhanlin Ma,
  • Qi Zhou,
  • Kehong Wang

摘要

Heat input is a pivotal parameter for regulating the forming quality and performance characteristics of manufactured maraging steel by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), while the deposition rate functions as a critical variable that directly determines its magnitude. However, current research lacks a systematic investigation into the influence of deposition rate as a single factor on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. To address this gap, cold metal transfer (CMT) was adopted to prepare samples at three deposition rates of 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 mm/s, respectively. The study reveals that as the deposition rate increases, the austenite content in the samples decreases from 6.9 to 3.4%, while the proportion of martensite increases correspondingly. The grains are significantly refined, with the average grain size reducing from 46 μm to 22 μm. Additionally, the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) increases from 51.3 to 65.8%, and the mechanical properties gradually improve. From the perspective of heat input mechanisms, a low deposition rate with high heat input facilitates full molten pool spreading but results in coarse columnar grain structures and pronounced texture orientation. In contrast, a high deposition rate reduces heat accumulation by accelerating the cooling process (as evidenced by an increased t8/5 cooling rate), thereby suppressing grain growth while elevating dislocation density and HAGB ratio, leading to a synergistic enhancement of grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening. This study establishes the relationship between deposition rate, microstructural evolution, and mechanical performance, providing experimental support for optimizing process parameters in the WAAM fabrication of large-scale, high-performance thin-walled maraging steel components.