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<p>In today’s materials research landscape, sustainability has become a critical component for plastic waste management. Although bioplastics have emerged as a potential solution as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics, their broader application is limited by inherently poor mechanical properties, reducing their suitability for various applications. To tackle this, researchers are delving into extensive studies on reinforcement additives, aiming to create bioplastic composites with improved properties. This study investigates the influence of lignin, acetone-dissolved lignin (AD lignin), nanocellulose, and cellulose on the mechanical and thermal properties of cellulose acetate (CA) composites. The composites were fabricated using the solvent casting method and subsequently evaluated through mechanical testing, thermal analysis, and microstructural characterization. The results reveal significant enhancements in ultimate tensile strength following the addition of each reinforcement. For instance, the tensile strength of pure CA (41.2 ± 8.5&#xa0;MPa) increased to 58.9 ± 8.5&#xa0;MPa with 1 wt.% lignin, 66.2 ± 8.6&#xa0;MPa with 1 wt.% cellulose, and 58.3 ± 7.6&#xa0;MPa with 5 wt.% nanocellulose. It also revealed a maximum tensile strength of 75.3 ± 10.5&#xa0;MPa at 5 wt.% AD lignin is significantly higher than pure CA and other additive formulations. Statistical analysis by using Tukey’s post hoc test (HSD (honestly significant difference) = 7.281) indicated significant improvements at 1-5 wt.% loading levels for AD lignin. Cellulose was more effective than nanocellulose at lower concentrations, while nanocellulose demonstrated superior performance over unmodified lignin at higher loadings due to better dispersion and lower agglomeration. These findings demonstrate that incorporating bio-based reinforcements—particularly well-dispersed or solubilized additives—can significantly improve the mechanical performance of CA-based bio-composites, thereby broadening their applicability across various fields.</p>

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Performance Enhancement of Cellulose Acetate Composites by Using Bio-based Additives: Lignin, Acetone-Dissolved Lignin, Cellulose, and Nanocellulose

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Enoch Kehinde Sofowora,
  • Maharshi Dey,
  • Godswill Ngige,
  • Yun Ji,
  • Surojit Gupta

摘要

In today’s materials research landscape, sustainability has become a critical component for plastic waste management. Although bioplastics have emerged as a potential solution as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics, their broader application is limited by inherently poor mechanical properties, reducing their suitability for various applications. To tackle this, researchers are delving into extensive studies on reinforcement additives, aiming to create bioplastic composites with improved properties. This study investigates the influence of lignin, acetone-dissolved lignin (AD lignin), nanocellulose, and cellulose on the mechanical and thermal properties of cellulose acetate (CA) composites. The composites were fabricated using the solvent casting method and subsequently evaluated through mechanical testing, thermal analysis, and microstructural characterization. The results reveal significant enhancements in ultimate tensile strength following the addition of each reinforcement. For instance, the tensile strength of pure CA (41.2 ± 8.5 MPa) increased to 58.9 ± 8.5 MPa with 1 wt.% lignin, 66.2 ± 8.6 MPa with 1 wt.% cellulose, and 58.3 ± 7.6 MPa with 5 wt.% nanocellulose. It also revealed a maximum tensile strength of 75.3 ± 10.5 MPa at 5 wt.% AD lignin is significantly higher than pure CA and other additive formulations. Statistical analysis by using Tukey’s post hoc test (HSD (honestly significant difference) = 7.281) indicated significant improvements at 1-5 wt.% loading levels for AD lignin. Cellulose was more effective than nanocellulose at lower concentrations, while nanocellulose demonstrated superior performance over unmodified lignin at higher loadings due to better dispersion and lower agglomeration. These findings demonstrate that incorporating bio-based reinforcements—particularly well-dispersed or solubilized additives—can significantly improve the mechanical performance of CA-based bio-composites, thereby broadening their applicability across various fields.