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<p>One major challenge in the industrial production of high-speed steel (HSS) wires is their limited plasticity. Subcritical annealing, commonly used to improve the ductility of conventional alloys, is often insufficient for HSS due to its complex microstructure containing numerous carbides. This study investigates the role of carbides in the recrystallization behavior and ductility of cold-drawn M42 ultra-hard HSS wires during subcritical annealing. The results show that, while carbides promote dislocation accumulation during plastic deformation, they largely hinder the recrystallization process. The extent of this inhibition depends on the quantity and distribution of the carbides. Specifically, increasing the subcritical annealing temperature reduces the total carbide content but increases the fraction of carbides inside coarsened ferrite grains. These changes facilitate the onset of recrystallization, enhance strain hardenability, and ultimately improve ductility. The optimal subcritical annealing temperature range is 780-820&#xa0;°C, which achieves ductility comparable to fully annealed M42 HSS wires. These findings indicate that controlling carbide characteristics during annealing can enable sufficient ductility in HSS wires through a simple subcritical annealing process.</p>

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Carbide-Mediated Recrystallization and Its Impact on the Ductility of M42 Ultra-hard High Speed Steel Wires

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Xuefeng Zhou,
  • Ruiyu Fu,
  • Shangrui Gao,
  • Yu Xiao

摘要

One major challenge in the industrial production of high-speed steel (HSS) wires is their limited plasticity. Subcritical annealing, commonly used to improve the ductility of conventional alloys, is often insufficient for HSS due to its complex microstructure containing numerous carbides. This study investigates the role of carbides in the recrystallization behavior and ductility of cold-drawn M42 ultra-hard HSS wires during subcritical annealing. The results show that, while carbides promote dislocation accumulation during plastic deformation, they largely hinder the recrystallization process. The extent of this inhibition depends on the quantity and distribution of the carbides. Specifically, increasing the subcritical annealing temperature reduces the total carbide content but increases the fraction of carbides inside coarsened ferrite grains. These changes facilitate the onset of recrystallization, enhance strain hardenability, and ultimately improve ductility. The optimal subcritical annealing temperature range is 780-820 °C, which achieves ductility comparable to fully annealed M42 HSS wires. These findings indicate that controlling carbide characteristics during annealing can enable sufficient ductility in HSS wires through a simple subcritical annealing process.