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<p>Silicon (Si) in die steels significantly affects the size, type, level and distribution of secondary carbides precipitated during tempering. Evident secondary hardening phenomenon induced by low-Si content (0.20&#xa0;wt.%) in 5&#xa0;wt.% Cr-based die steels was observed. M<sub>3</sub>C ((Fe<sub>2.6</sub>Cr<sub>0.34</sub>V<sub>0.05</sub>Mo<sub>0.01</sub>)C), M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> ((Fe<sub>4.51</sub>Cr<sub>2.13</sub>V<sub>0.32</sub>Mo<sub>0.04</sub>)C<sub>3</sub>) type carbides in the low-Si die steels tended to be more uniformly distributed. The continuous dissolution of Cr and C atoms changed the crystal structure of the original M<sub>3</sub>C type, and it transformed into M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> type. The finely dispersed carbides precipitated at 580&#xa0;°C increased both the tempered hardness (nearly 522.1 HV) and impact toughness (nearly 217.06&#xa0;J) of the low-Si LSI as well as contributed to 64% of yield strength. Inversely, carbides aggregate more obviously at the interface/grain boundaries in die steels with high content of Si (0.51&#xa0;wt.%). Johnson-Mehl-Avarmi tempering kinetics calculations shown that the coarsening of carbides in low-Si steel was close to the body diffusion mechanism. Whereas, carbides in high-Si steel preferred along boundary or dislocation diffusion control mechanisms.</p>

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Secondary Hardening Phenomenon and Mechanism of Low-Silicon Die Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Yingjie Wu,
  • Riming Wu,
  • Yafeng Zheng,
  • Gege Huang,
  • Kuicen Li,
  • Yunpeng Zhao,
  • Yaqing Yu,
  • Wei Li

摘要

Silicon (Si) in die steels significantly affects the size, type, level and distribution of secondary carbides precipitated during tempering. Evident secondary hardening phenomenon induced by low-Si content (0.20 wt.%) in 5 wt.% Cr-based die steels was observed. M3C ((Fe2.6Cr0.34V0.05Mo0.01)C), M7C3 ((Fe4.51Cr2.13V0.32Mo0.04)C3) type carbides in the low-Si die steels tended to be more uniformly distributed. The continuous dissolution of Cr and C atoms changed the crystal structure of the original M3C type, and it transformed into M7C3 type. The finely dispersed carbides precipitated at 580 °C increased both the tempered hardness (nearly 522.1 HV) and impact toughness (nearly 217.06 J) of the low-Si LSI as well as contributed to 64% of yield strength. Inversely, carbides aggregate more obviously at the interface/grain boundaries in die steels with high content of Si (0.51 wt.%). Johnson-Mehl-Avarmi tempering kinetics calculations shown that the coarsening of carbides in low-Si steel was close to the body diffusion mechanism. Whereas, carbides in high-Si steel preferred along boundary or dislocation diffusion control mechanisms.