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<p>This study investigates the influence of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) pressure on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of cold-sprayed additively manufactured (CSAM) commercially pure titanium. Microscopy analyses reveal that increasing the HIP pressure leads to progressive porosity reduction, improved particle bonding, and enhanced microstructural homogeneity. X-ray diffraction, supported by Williamson–Hall analysis, indicates a continuous decrease in microstrain and a disappearance of the retained β-phase with increasing pressure. Moreover, EBSD-based geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps reveal a systematic reduction in dislocation density and strain localization, confirming progressive structural relaxation with increasing HIP pressure. These results collectively suggest two pressure-dependent consolidation regimes: a deformation-driven regime at ≤ 90&#xa0;MPa, where pore closure and inter-splat bonding are achieved primarily through plastic deformation, and a diffusion-controlled regime beyond 90&#xa0;MPa, marked by dislocation annihilation, lattice recovery, and stress homogenization via thermally activated mechanisms. Mechanical characterization through nanoindentation and uniaxial compression testing further supports this transition. Both hardness and compressive strength increase with pressure, but begin to plateau beyond 90&#xa0;MPa, indicating microstructural saturation. The alignment between mechanical performance and microstructural evolution highlights 90&#xa0;MPa as a critical threshold for approaching optimal properties in CSAM titanium.</p>

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The Influence of Hot Isostatic Pressing Pressure on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Cold-Sprayed Additively Manufactured Titanium

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月14日

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  • Raman Kumar,
  • Ashutosh Pattanaik,
  • Nofal Adrees Hasan,
  • Binayak Pattanayak,
  • Ashwin Jacob,
  • Ripendeep Singh,
  • Yashwant Singh Bisht,
  • Debasish Shit

摘要

This study investigates the influence of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) pressure on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of cold-sprayed additively manufactured (CSAM) commercially pure titanium. Microscopy analyses reveal that increasing the HIP pressure leads to progressive porosity reduction, improved particle bonding, and enhanced microstructural homogeneity. X-ray diffraction, supported by Williamson–Hall analysis, indicates a continuous decrease in microstrain and a disappearance of the retained β-phase with increasing pressure. Moreover, EBSD-based geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps reveal a systematic reduction in dislocation density and strain localization, confirming progressive structural relaxation with increasing HIP pressure. These results collectively suggest two pressure-dependent consolidation regimes: a deformation-driven regime at ≤ 90 MPa, where pore closure and inter-splat bonding are achieved primarily through plastic deformation, and a diffusion-controlled regime beyond 90 MPa, marked by dislocation annihilation, lattice recovery, and stress homogenization via thermally activated mechanisms. Mechanical characterization through nanoindentation and uniaxial compression testing further supports this transition. Both hardness and compressive strength increase with pressure, but begin to plateau beyond 90 MPa, indicating microstructural saturation. The alignment between mechanical performance and microstructural evolution highlights 90 MPa as a critical threshold for approaching optimal properties in CSAM titanium.