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<p>This study investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of austenitic stainless steel 316L components fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing with and without the application of friction stir processing as a post-deposition grain refinement technique. As-deposited wire arc additive manufacturing samples exhibited coarse columnar austenitic grains aligned along the build direction, accompanied by interlayer porosity and tensile residual stresses, resulting in anisotropic mechanical properties. Friction stir processing effectively refined the microstructure by transforming columnar grains into fine grains through dynamic recrystallization. This refinement improved the overall microstructural uniformity and enhanced&#xa0;interlayer bonding. Mechanical testing revealed an increase in average microhardness from 195 HV (as-deposited) to 227 HV (FS processed), attributed to grain refinement and defect elimination. Tensile strength improved significantly, with yield strength increasing from 239 to 307&#xa0;MPa, ultimate tensile strength from 343 to 593&#xa0;MPa, and elongation from 32 to 54%. This approach not only enhances mechanical properties but also allows for more efficient material utilization. This innovative technique positions itself as a promising solution for the future of advanced manufacturing in the aerospace and automotive industries.</p>

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Friction Stir Processing of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured SS316L: Microstructural and Mechanical Property Enhancement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Manish Singh,
  • Suresh Gain,
  • Pankaj Kumar Singh,
  • Surendra Singh,
  • Ramprit Baitha

摘要

This study investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of austenitic stainless steel 316L components fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing with and without the application of friction stir processing as a post-deposition grain refinement technique. As-deposited wire arc additive manufacturing samples exhibited coarse columnar austenitic grains aligned along the build direction, accompanied by interlayer porosity and tensile residual stresses, resulting in anisotropic mechanical properties. Friction stir processing effectively refined the microstructure by transforming columnar grains into fine grains through dynamic recrystallization. This refinement improved the overall microstructural uniformity and enhanced interlayer bonding. Mechanical testing revealed an increase in average microhardness from 195 HV (as-deposited) to 227 HV (FS processed), attributed to grain refinement and defect elimination. Tensile strength improved significantly, with yield strength increasing from 239 to 307 MPa, ultimate tensile strength from 343 to 593 MPa, and elongation from 32 to 54%. This approach not only enhances mechanical properties but also allows for more efficient material utilization. This innovative technique positions itself as a promising solution for the future of advanced manufacturing in the aerospace and automotive industries.