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<p>The stainless steel 316L processed through additive manufacturing finds a wide range of applications in medical implants. To overcome the stress shielding effect caused by the mismatch in the density between bone and bulk implant, a new trend called triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is introduced by developing the implants at lesser density. By adjusting the volumetric factor through TPMS, the implants can be produced with tailored mechanical properties as per the requirements for biomedical applications. In this work, the SS316L alloy was printed as bulk and TPMS gyroid structures, through the selective laser melting process. To investigate the strain hardening behavior, the SML-printed gyroid structure was deformed by a cold upsetting process. The mechanical properties of bulk, undeformed gyroid and deformed gyroid structures were analyzed through microstructures, XRD patterns, EBSD mapping, microhardness measurement, and microtensile and fractography analyses. Further, electrochemical analysis and biocompatibility studies were conducted to ensure corrosion resistance and toxicity levels. A stress-induced martensite phase was observed with columnar cellular structures in the deformed gyroid structures. The presence of more unmelted particles in the gyroid structure weakened its tensile properties. The fractography confirmed that the deformed gyroid samples possessed a range of brittle cracks compared to the bulk and undeformed gyroid structures. The cold deformed gyroid structures showed an increase in corrosion resistance due to reduction in the pore and grain sizes. Cell viability on the leached-out ions was more than 90% resulted in less release of toxic ions.</p>

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Effect of Cold Deformation on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of SS316L Gyroid Structures Fabricated through Selective Laser Melting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Rajkumar R. Shashank,
  • K. Praveenkumar,
  • Cheirmadurai Kalirajan,
  • S. Solomon Bobby,
  • Geetha Manivasagam,
  • Rajeshkannan Ananthanarayanan,
  • A. K. Jeevanantham

摘要

The stainless steel 316L processed through additive manufacturing finds a wide range of applications in medical implants. To overcome the stress shielding effect caused by the mismatch in the density between bone and bulk implant, a new trend called triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is introduced by developing the implants at lesser density. By adjusting the volumetric factor through TPMS, the implants can be produced with tailored mechanical properties as per the requirements for biomedical applications. In this work, the SS316L alloy was printed as bulk and TPMS gyroid structures, through the selective laser melting process. To investigate the strain hardening behavior, the SML-printed gyroid structure was deformed by a cold upsetting process. The mechanical properties of bulk, undeformed gyroid and deformed gyroid structures were analyzed through microstructures, XRD patterns, EBSD mapping, microhardness measurement, and microtensile and fractography analyses. Further, electrochemical analysis and biocompatibility studies were conducted to ensure corrosion resistance and toxicity levels. A stress-induced martensite phase was observed with columnar cellular structures in the deformed gyroid structures. The presence of more unmelted particles in the gyroid structure weakened its tensile properties. The fractography confirmed that the deformed gyroid samples possessed a range of brittle cracks compared to the bulk and undeformed gyroid structures. The cold deformed gyroid structures showed an increase in corrosion resistance due to reduction in the pore and grain sizes. Cell viability on the leached-out ions was more than 90% resulted in less release of toxic ions.