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<p>3D bioprinting is a promptly developing biomedical alternative of 3D printing technology. It acts as a robotic device, which prints any tissue, organs, and blood vessels layer by layer according to our designed model on CAD System; further, it was cultured in a bioreactor. This procedure is not a replica of the generation of vascular structure in in vivo condition. The objective of the proposed design is to provide precise control on bioreactor-based 3D printer for blood vessel generation followed by the angiogenesis process. This proposed 3D printer design used extrusion-based coaxial nozzle for printing the entire structure layer by layer and simultaneously cultured layer by layer using a modified rotatory bioreactor. Control of each component is done by programmable logic controller PLC), and simulation of the electronics circuit was done by LabVIEW. In the proposed design of the 3D bioprinter, decision-based logic circuits were used to improve the utilization of media. The simulation result of the PLC shows that there is strong control on each parameter such as pH control, oxygen control, waste product control, rotational speed control, media stem rod, nozzle temperature, and pressure used for printing. Results indicated successful control of parameters pH (7.2-7.4), oxygen (~6%), and CO<sub>2</sub> (~10%) which contributed to improved cell viability and angiogenesis throughout the culture process. Automation of waste media management was implemented using decision-based logic circuits, resulting in enhanced media utilization efficiency. The analysis conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) demonstrated a consistent flow distribution and effective shear stress management. Additionally, the uncertainty analysis confirmed the stability of the system, revealing minimal fluctuations in pressure (±7.90&#xa0;mmHg) and shear stress (±179.36 N/m<sup>2</sup>). LabVIEW results verify that all electronic circuits work properly. The uncertainty analysis provided a strong framework for data reliability, measuring the variability in pressure, velocity, and strain rate on shear stress caused by sensor inaccuracies and system fluctuations. Overall, the proposed design provides a better environment for the printing of vascular structures by extrusion-based coaxial nozzle printing technology and modified rotatory bioreactor used for vascular cell culture.</p>

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A Novel 3D Bioprinting Platform Integrating Coaxial Nozzle and Modified Rotating Bioreactor for Angiogenesis-Guided Vascular Tissue Engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月9日

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  • Khemraj Deshmukh,
  • Jitendra Kumar,
  • Nitesh Kumar Singh,
  • Arindam Bit

摘要

3D bioprinting is a promptly developing biomedical alternative of 3D printing technology. It acts as a robotic device, which prints any tissue, organs, and blood vessels layer by layer according to our designed model on CAD System; further, it was cultured in a bioreactor. This procedure is not a replica of the generation of vascular structure in in vivo condition. The objective of the proposed design is to provide precise control on bioreactor-based 3D printer for blood vessel generation followed by the angiogenesis process. This proposed 3D printer design used extrusion-based coaxial nozzle for printing the entire structure layer by layer and simultaneously cultured layer by layer using a modified rotatory bioreactor. Control of each component is done by programmable logic controller PLC), and simulation of the electronics circuit was done by LabVIEW. In the proposed design of the 3D bioprinter, decision-based logic circuits were used to improve the utilization of media. The simulation result of the PLC shows that there is strong control on each parameter such as pH control, oxygen control, waste product control, rotational speed control, media stem rod, nozzle temperature, and pressure used for printing. Results indicated successful control of parameters pH (7.2-7.4), oxygen (~6%), and CO2 (~10%) which contributed to improved cell viability and angiogenesis throughout the culture process. Automation of waste media management was implemented using decision-based logic circuits, resulting in enhanced media utilization efficiency. The analysis conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) demonstrated a consistent flow distribution and effective shear stress management. Additionally, the uncertainty analysis confirmed the stability of the system, revealing minimal fluctuations in pressure (±7.90 mmHg) and shear stress (±179.36 N/m2). LabVIEW results verify that all electronic circuits work properly. The uncertainty analysis provided a strong framework for data reliability, measuring the variability in pressure, velocity, and strain rate on shear stress caused by sensor inaccuracies and system fluctuations. Overall, the proposed design provides a better environment for the printing of vascular structures by extrusion-based coaxial nozzle printing technology and modified rotatory bioreactor used for vascular cell culture.