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<p>In this study, sixteen soda-lime-silica glass samples with a nominal composition of 70SiO<sub>2</sub> + 13Na<sub>2</sub>O + 6CaO + 2Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 4MgO + 5B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were annealed at different temperatures. The effect of tempering on physical, optical, and mechanical properties of soda-lime silicate glass was analyzed. Physical properties, including density and molar volume, were measured using Archimedes’ principle, showing an inverse relationship: Density ranged from 2.237 to 2.526&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup>, while molar volume varied between 24.047 and 25.456&#xa0;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol. The optical parameters, such as refractive index and optical band gap energy, were found to be influenced by the annealing process, as determined using Tauc’s plot analysis. The refractive index and band gap energy showed a zig-zag trend. Mechanical properties were examined by using Vickers hardness tests; it was revealed that the hardness and packing density declined with increasing annealing temperature. These results provide critical insights to improve soda-lime glass for advanced technological applications by adapting its compactness, optical performance, and mechanical durability through controlled thermal processing.</p>

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Impact of Tempering Process on Physical, Optical and Hardness Properties of Soda-Lime Glass

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月11日

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  • Saman Q. Mawlud,
  • Ahmed A. Ahmed,
  • Hiwa L. Hamad,
  • Aso F. Mohamed

摘要

In this study, sixteen soda-lime-silica glass samples with a nominal composition of 70SiO2 + 13Na2O + 6CaO + 2Al2O3 + 4MgO + 5B2O3 were annealed at different temperatures. The effect of tempering on physical, optical, and mechanical properties of soda-lime silicate glass was analyzed. Physical properties, including density and molar volume, were measured using Archimedes’ principle, showing an inverse relationship: Density ranged from 2.237 to 2.526 g/cm3, while molar volume varied between 24.047 and 25.456 cm3/mol. The optical parameters, such as refractive index and optical band gap energy, were found to be influenced by the annealing process, as determined using Tauc’s plot analysis. The refractive index and band gap energy showed a zig-zag trend. Mechanical properties were examined by using Vickers hardness tests; it was revealed that the hardness and packing density declined with increasing annealing temperature. These results provide critical insights to improve soda-lime glass for advanced technological applications by adapting its compactness, optical performance, and mechanical durability through controlled thermal processing.