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<p>Additive manufacturing processes are advanced technologies that enable the production of complex geometries. One of the most significant of these processes is fused deposition modeling (FDM). A key application of FDM in the medical industry is the fabrication of bone scaffolds. This study investigates the effect of FDM process parameters and annealing heat treatment on the specific energy absorption (SEA) of porous structures with interconnected porosity, intended for use as bone scaffolds in tissue engineering. The samples are 3D printed using polylactic acid (PLA). The studied parameters include extrusion width, layer height, infill percentage, and infill pattern. The samples are fabricated with three different patterns—grid, zigzag, and honeycomb—and with infill percentages of 40, 70%, and maximum density. As a novel approach, implementing an 18° interlayer rotation significantly enhances pore interconnectivity in 3D-printed structures. In addition to examining the effect of printing parameters, the influence of annealing on SEA is also evaluated. The results indicate that extrusion width and heat treatment have the most significant impact on SEA, with annealing increasing the SEA by up to 35%. The maximum SEA value of 36.2&#xa0;kJ/g is achieved for an annealed sample with the following printing parameters: an extrusion width of 0.8&#xa0;mm, a layer height of 0.2&#xa0;mm, maximum infill percentage, and a grid infill pattern.</p>

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Effects of Fused Deposition Modeling Parameters and Annealing on Energy Absorption of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid Porous Structures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Behnam Akhoundi,
  • Reza Zanganeh,
  • Amin Safi Jahanshahi

摘要

Additive manufacturing processes are advanced technologies that enable the production of complex geometries. One of the most significant of these processes is fused deposition modeling (FDM). A key application of FDM in the medical industry is the fabrication of bone scaffolds. This study investigates the effect of FDM process parameters and annealing heat treatment on the specific energy absorption (SEA) of porous structures with interconnected porosity, intended for use as bone scaffolds in tissue engineering. The samples are 3D printed using polylactic acid (PLA). The studied parameters include extrusion width, layer height, infill percentage, and infill pattern. The samples are fabricated with three different patterns—grid, zigzag, and honeycomb—and with infill percentages of 40, 70%, and maximum density. As a novel approach, implementing an 18° interlayer rotation significantly enhances pore interconnectivity in 3D-printed structures. In addition to examining the effect of printing parameters, the influence of annealing on SEA is also evaluated. The results indicate that extrusion width and heat treatment have the most significant impact on SEA, with annealing increasing the SEA by up to 35%. The maximum SEA value of 36.2 kJ/g is achieved for an annealed sample with the following printing parameters: an extrusion width of 0.8 mm, a layer height of 0.2 mm, maximum infill percentage, and a grid infill pattern.