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<p>The present study examined the effects of consolidation method and temperature on the microstructure, density and mechanical properties at room temperature of 21-4N austenitic steel. Mechanical alloying was initiated with ferro-alloys such as Fe-Cr, Fe-Mn, and Fe-Ni, followed by consolidation through vacuum hot pressing (VHP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). VHP was conducted at two distinct temperatures, namely 1150 and 1200&#xa0;°C, for a duration of 90&#xa0;min., while SPS was carried out at these temperatures for 15&#xa0;min. In both the cases, 60&#xa0;MPa load was applied for consolidation. The maximum relative densities obtained were 88.4 and 91.8% for VHP and SPS samples, respectively, at 1150&#xa0;°C. The same were found to be higher at 1200&#xa0;°C, but VHP showed a higher density of 97.3% when compared to SPS density of 95.2%. VHP samples have shown an average grain size of 3.4&#xa0;µm along with grain boundary carbide precipitates, while SPS samples have shown a grain size of 1.6&#xa0;µm without any presence of carbides. SEM analysis of the fracture surface indicated the presence of dimples and micro-void coalescence in VHP samples. On the other hand, SPS samples have shown predominantly intergranular fracture. As a result, the material consolidated by VHP exhibited a yield strength and elongation of 548&#xa0;MPa and 17%, respectively.</p>

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Exploring the Microstructural Features and Mechanical Performance of 21-4N Steel Fabricated via Vacuum Hot Pressing and Spark Plasma Sintering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月30日

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  • R. Mariappan,
  • J. Chandradass,
  • T. Mohandas,
  • S. B. Chandrasekhar

摘要

The present study examined the effects of consolidation method and temperature on the microstructure, density and mechanical properties at room temperature of 21-4N austenitic steel. Mechanical alloying was initiated with ferro-alloys such as Fe-Cr, Fe-Mn, and Fe-Ni, followed by consolidation through vacuum hot pressing (VHP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). VHP was conducted at two distinct temperatures, namely 1150 and 1200 °C, for a duration of 90 min., while SPS was carried out at these temperatures for 15 min. In both the cases, 60 MPa load was applied for consolidation. The maximum relative densities obtained were 88.4 and 91.8% for VHP and SPS samples, respectively, at 1150 °C. The same were found to be higher at 1200 °C, but VHP showed a higher density of 97.3% when compared to SPS density of 95.2%. VHP samples have shown an average grain size of 3.4 µm along with grain boundary carbide precipitates, while SPS samples have shown a grain size of 1.6 µm without any presence of carbides. SEM analysis of the fracture surface indicated the presence of dimples and micro-void coalescence in VHP samples. On the other hand, SPS samples have shown predominantly intergranular fracture. As a result, the material consolidated by VHP exhibited a yield strength and elongation of 548 MPa and 17%, respectively.