It is aimed to study microstructural features and static mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)-based additively manufactured Maraging Steel 18Ni(300) specimens. Effects of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) parameters (including laser power, scanning speed and layer thickness) on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties (tensile properties, microhardness and dry sliding wear response) are discussed. Microstructural characteristics and microhardness of the post-heat-treated specimens are compared to that of the as-built counterpart. In the present study, the post-heat treatment cycle including solution treatment (ST) followed by aging treatment (AT) is attempted. The as-built specimen is first subjected to ST (at 840 °C) for 2 h followed by water quenching to the room temperature; afterward, it is subjected to AT (at 492 °C) for 2 h and finally water-quenched to the room temperature. In comparison with the as-built microstructure, microstructural alterations after ST, STA ~ ST + AT and direct aging treatment (DAT) along with microhardness variations are studied. The as-built specimen exhibits columnar/dendritic and cellular morphology with epitaxial grain growth and traces of micro-segregation. The microstructure is dominated by martensite phase with tiny amount of retained austenite. ST and STA (~ ST + AT) treatments cause formation of acicular-/needle-shaped martensite laths due to excessively high cooling rate (water quenching). However, the as-built microstructural features are found not fully disappeared upon DAT. It is experienced that DMLS is capable of producing near-fully dense part with average relative density of (98.85 ± 0.54)%. Change in volumetric energy density (VED) with variation in laser power, scan speed and layer thickness causes significant variation in tensile properties. The maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1138.5 MPa (with fracture strain ε = 4.3%) is obtained for the as-built condition. Lower laser power, higher scan speed setting, and wider layer thickness cause porous structure/void formation and inclusion of partially fused powders within the part which degrade part tensile strength. Microhardness of the as-built 18Ni(300) varies from 338.6 ± 10.12 HV0.5 to 347.8 ± 9.25 HV0.5. ST treatment alone causes the minimal microhardness 320.6 ± 12.51 HV0.5, whilst DAT causes increased microhardness ~ 468.6 ± 15.63 HV0.5. The remarkable improvement in the microhardness value is experienced after STA (ST + AT) treatment (~ 631.3 ± 21.28 HV0.5), which is mainly attributed to complete dissolution of segregated elements during ST following which precipitation strengthening during the aging treatment. It is also noticed that dry sliding wear resistance (at room temperature) of the as-built 18Ni(300) specimen decreases with increase scan speed as well as layer height and decrease in powder input.

Microstructure and Mechanical Property Characterization of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel 18Ni(300) Built Part

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发表日期：

2025年4月29日

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Sudipta Swain,
Saurav Datta,
Tarapada Roy

摘要

It is aimed to study microstructural features and static mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)-based additively manufactured Maraging Steel 18Ni(300) specimens. Effects of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) parameters (including laser power, scanning speed and layer thickness) on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties (tensile properties, microhardness and dry sliding wear response) are discussed. Microstructural characteristics and microhardness of the post-heat-treated specimens are compared to that of the as-built counterpart. In the present study, the post-heat treatment cycle including solution treatment (ST) followed by aging treatment (AT) is attempted. The as-built specimen is first subjected to ST (at 840 °C) for 2 h followed by water quenching to the room temperature; afterward, it is subjected to AT (at 492 °C) for 2 h and finally water-quenched to the room temperature. In comparison with the as-built microstructure, microstructural alterations after ST, STA ~ ST + AT and direct aging treatment (DAT) along with microhardness variations are studied. The as-built specimen exhibits columnar/dendritic and cellular morphology with epitaxial grain growth and traces of micro-segregation. The microstructure is dominated by martensite phase with tiny amount of retained austenite. ST and STA (~ ST + AT) treatments cause formation of acicular-/needle-shaped martensite laths due to excessively high cooling rate (water quenching). However, the as-built microstructural features are found not fully disappeared upon DAT. It is experienced that DMLS is capable of producing near-fully dense part with average relative density of (98.85 ± 0.54)%. Change in volumetric energy density (VED) with variation in laser power, scan speed and layer thickness causes significant variation in tensile properties. The maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1138.5 MPa (with fracture strain ε = 4.3%) is obtained for the as-built condition. Lower laser power, higher scan speed setting, and wider layer thickness cause porous structure/void formation and inclusion of partially fused powders within the part which degrade part tensile strength. Microhardness of the as-built 18Ni(300) varies from 338.6 ± 10.12 HV_0.5 to 347.8 ± 9.25 HV_0.5. ST treatment alone causes the minimal microhardness 320.6 ± 12.51 HV_0.5, whilst DAT causes increased microhardness ~ 468.6 ± 15.63 HV_0.5. The remarkable improvement in the microhardness value is experienced after STA (ST + AT) treatment (~ 631.3 ± 21.28 HV_0.5), which is mainly attributed to complete dissolution of segregated elements during ST following which precipitation strengthening during the aging treatment. It is also noticed that dry sliding wear resistance (at room temperature) of the as-built 18Ni(300) specimen decreases with increase scan speed as well as layer height and decrease in powder input.