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<p>This study explores the effect of interlayer forced cooling on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical performance of a bimetallic structure fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process. Importance of interlayer forced cooling and its impact on the structural integrity of bimetallic structures fabricated via WAAM route are underlined in the present research. Two bimetallic functional structures were fabricated using LCS ER70S-6 and SS 316L feedstock materials by employing natural cooling (NC) and forced cooling (FC) strategies. Microstructural analysis reveals that both samples, SS 316L predominantly contained γ-austenite with δ-ferrite, while LCS contained polygonal ferrite with small amount pearlite. Bimetallic interfacial (BI) samples show ferritic dendritic arms oriented toward deposition direction for NC-BS, while FC-BS displayed a refined, equiaxed grain structure, along with precipitated carbides and hard phases such as martensite. Elemental mapping and area scanning results reveal variations in elemental distribution at bimetallic interface. No new phase is observed in XRD patterns, while intensity of ferrite peaks enhanced at FC-BI. EBSD analysis indicates isotropic grain growth and random nucleation during FC with a lower average grain size diameter, leading to higher microhardness. FC bimetallic horizontal tensile specimens showed the maximum UTS of 744.17&#xa0;MPa, while the elongation decreased due to the presence of hard phases with precipitated carbides. Fractography analysis demonstrated ductile fractures, with FC-BH showing more cracks and crack facets, leading to reduced overall ductility.</p>

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Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Performance of WAAM Fabricated LCS–SS 316L Bimetallic Structure Under Forced Cooling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月20日

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  • Pushkal Badoniya,
  • Manu Srivastava,
  • Prashant K. Jain

摘要

This study explores the effect of interlayer forced cooling on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical performance of a bimetallic structure fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process. Importance of interlayer forced cooling and its impact on the structural integrity of bimetallic structures fabricated via WAAM route are underlined in the present research. Two bimetallic functional structures were fabricated using LCS ER70S-6 and SS 316L feedstock materials by employing natural cooling (NC) and forced cooling (FC) strategies. Microstructural analysis reveals that both samples, SS 316L predominantly contained γ-austenite with δ-ferrite, while LCS contained polygonal ferrite with small amount pearlite. Bimetallic interfacial (BI) samples show ferritic dendritic arms oriented toward deposition direction for NC-BS, while FC-BS displayed a refined, equiaxed grain structure, along with precipitated carbides and hard phases such as martensite. Elemental mapping and area scanning results reveal variations in elemental distribution at bimetallic interface. No new phase is observed in XRD patterns, while intensity of ferrite peaks enhanced at FC-BI. EBSD analysis indicates isotropic grain growth and random nucleation during FC with a lower average grain size diameter, leading to higher microhardness. FC bimetallic horizontal tensile specimens showed the maximum UTS of 744.17 MPa, while the elongation decreased due to the presence of hard phases with precipitated carbides. Fractography analysis demonstrated ductile fractures, with FC-BH showing more cracks and crack facets, leading to reduced overall ductility.