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<p>Knowing the purity of gold in gold bullion, gold alloy, or gold jewelry is essential for both buyers and sellers due to its high economic value, the valuation of the mining property, and the quality control aspect. In the olden days, gold purity was tested by magnet tests (presence of magnetic impurity), density tests, acid tests, etc., to recognize the purity of gold immediately. The fire assay method was used for large quantities of gold, which is also relevant today. With the invention of instrumental methods, x-ray Fluorescence (XRF) tests, ultrasound tests, etc., became the norm. The method mentioned above is enough for the day-to-day test of gold in jewelry, etc., as highly pure gold is unsuitable for jewelry making. For determining the purity of high-purity gold (more than 99.9%), which is used in the electronic industries, recently developed methods like AAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS methods have become a trend. These methods can also be classified as destructive and non-destructive techniques. Non-destructive techniques like INNA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis), SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive x-ray Spectrometry), Spark-OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy), and densimeter are used for purity determinations, but these techniques have some limitations. Most of these techniques are used to estimate the rough composition of the samples as they provide information from the surface up to the sub-micron depth of the sample.&#xa0;Some modern techniques like ICP-OES/MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy/Mass Spectrometry), FAAS (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy), and GFAAS (Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) are destructive, instrumental techniques used for the gold purity determination. The fire assay method for high-purity gold and the method of uncertainty calculation, etc., is also discussed. A brief description of various methods (their advantage and limitations) is presented for the benefit of the bullion community and the researchers in the field.</p>

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Modern Competent Methods for Purity Determination of Gold: Some Practical Aspects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月3日

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  • Dinesh Singh,
  • V. N. Singh,
  • Ishwar Jalan,
  • Nahar Singh,
  • S. P. Singh

摘要

Knowing the purity of gold in gold bullion, gold alloy, or gold jewelry is essential for both buyers and sellers due to its high economic value, the valuation of the mining property, and the quality control aspect. In the olden days, gold purity was tested by magnet tests (presence of magnetic impurity), density tests, acid tests, etc., to recognize the purity of gold immediately. The fire assay method was used for large quantities of gold, which is also relevant today. With the invention of instrumental methods, x-ray Fluorescence (XRF) tests, ultrasound tests, etc., became the norm. The method mentioned above is enough for the day-to-day test of gold in jewelry, etc., as highly pure gold is unsuitable for jewelry making. For determining the purity of high-purity gold (more than 99.9%), which is used in the electronic industries, recently developed methods like AAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS methods have become a trend. These methods can also be classified as destructive and non-destructive techniques. Non-destructive techniques like INNA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis), SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive x-ray Spectrometry), Spark-OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy), and densimeter are used for purity determinations, but these techniques have some limitations. Most of these techniques are used to estimate the rough composition of the samples as they provide information from the surface up to the sub-micron depth of the sample. Some modern techniques like ICP-OES/MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy/Mass Spectrometry), FAAS (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy), and GFAAS (Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) are destructive, instrumental techniques used for the gold purity determination. The fire assay method for high-purity gold and the method of uncertainty calculation, etc., is also discussed. A brief description of various methods (their advantage and limitations) is presented for the benefit of the bullion community and the researchers in the field.