Improving the Supercapacitive Performance of Nanoengineered Co₃O₄@Mn₃O₄@NiO/MXene Electrode Using Ion Beam Implantation

This article presents the two-step approach to fabricating nanoengineered electrodes of mixed transition metal oxides and MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x) where × is a functional group such as hydrogen (H), hydroxyl (OH) and chlorine (Cl) with further improvement using 5.0 MeV copper ion (Cu⁺⁺) radiations. The simulation tool used in this investigation, Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM), is anchored on the Monte Carlo technique. These electrode characteristics, surface morphologies, elemental composition and optical properties of the as-synthesized Co₃O₄@Mn₃O₄@NiO/MXene (pristine) electrode and improved electrodes were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and UV–visible spectroscopy methods. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a scan rate of 10 mVs⁻¹ was used to determine the normal specific capacitance, which was 1452 Fg⁻¹. Additionally, the galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) method yielded the highest specific capacitance of 1665 Fg⁻¹ at a current density of 0.5 Ag⁻¹ using the electrode implanted with fluence of 7.5 × 10¹⁵ ionscm⁻². The investigation results suggest that implantation of copper ions (Cu⁺⁺) with a fluence of 7.5 × 10¹⁵ ionscm^-2 improved the electrochemical properties of the generated electrode material.