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<p>In this work, a NiO–graphite composite is investigated as a low-cost counter electrode (CE) material that combines the high electrical conductivity of graphite with the electrocatalytic activity of nickel oxide (NiO). The composite films were fabricated by spin-coating with NiO content of 0 wt.% (CN0%), 1 wt.% (CN1%), 3 wt.% (CN3%), and 4 wt.% (CN4%) relative to graphite. Structural and morphological characterization was carried out using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (FESEM–EDX). The structural analysis confirms the formation of crystalline NiO uniformly distributed on the graphite surface, forming a well-integrated composite interface up to CN3%. In the CN4% sample, agglomeration of NiO is observed. Photovoltaic characterization reveals that incorporation of NiO significantly enhances the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) compared with pristine graphite. An optimal NiO loading of CN3% yields the highest power conversion efficiency of 0.145%, representing an improvement of more than two orders of magnitude relative to the CN0% electrode (0.001%). The performance enhancement is primarily attributed to improved catalytic activity for the redox reaction and more efficient charge transfer at the counter-electrode/electrolyte interface, as evidenced by increased current density and improved <i>J</i>–<i>V</i> characteristics. These findings demonstrate that NiO incorporation is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of graphite-based CEs and highlight the potential of NiO–graphite composites as sustainable, platinum-free alternatives for DSSC applications.</p>

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NiO–Graphite Composite Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Correlating Morphology and Structure with Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Eka Nurfani,
  • M. Adhi Hardjatmo,
  • M. Alvien Ghifari,
  • Rishal Asri,
  • Resti Marlina,
  • Jumaeda Jatmika,
  • Asnan Rinovian,
  • Meqorry Yusfi,
  • Robi Kurniawan,
  • Muhamad F. Arif

摘要

In this work, a NiO–graphite composite is investigated as a low-cost counter electrode (CE) material that combines the high electrical conductivity of graphite with the electrocatalytic activity of nickel oxide (NiO). The composite films were fabricated by spin-coating with NiO content of 0 wt.% (CN0%), 1 wt.% (CN1%), 3 wt.% (CN3%), and 4 wt.% (CN4%) relative to graphite. Structural and morphological characterization was carried out using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (FESEM–EDX). The structural analysis confirms the formation of crystalline NiO uniformly distributed on the graphite surface, forming a well-integrated composite interface up to CN3%. In the CN4% sample, agglomeration of NiO is observed. Photovoltaic characterization reveals that incorporation of NiO significantly enhances the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) compared with pristine graphite. An optimal NiO loading of CN3% yields the highest power conversion efficiency of 0.145%, representing an improvement of more than two orders of magnitude relative to the CN0% electrode (0.001%). The performance enhancement is primarily attributed to improved catalytic activity for the redox reaction and more efficient charge transfer at the counter-electrode/electrolyte interface, as evidenced by increased current density and improved J–V characteristics. These findings demonstrate that NiO incorporation is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of graphite-based CEs and highlight the potential of NiO–graphite composites as sustainable, platinum-free alternatives for DSSC applications.