<p>Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest as electrode materials of great promise for next-generation applications. However, the practical use of MOFs is hampered by key challenges: poor conductivity, significant volume expansion, and poor cycling stability. This review systematically outlines the recent progress in MOF-based materials for lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes, with a focus on their unique lithium storage mechanisms and the key modification strategies employed to overcome these limitations. These strategies—such as coating modification, nanostructure design, heterointerface construction, and defect engineering—effectively enhance the electronic/ionic conductivity, structural integrity, and interfacial compatibility, leading to improved electrochemical performance. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging frontiers including flexible MOFs and machine-learning-guided material design. Despite the remarkable potential demonstrated in laboratory settings, the industrialization of MOF-based electrodes still faces obstacles such as high synthesis costs, complex processes, and a lack of standardization. Future efforts should focus on developing intelligent, multifunctional, and environmentally benign MOF materials to facilitate their practical integration into next-generation high-performance lithium-ion batteries.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>