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<p>This study investigates the effect of iron (Fe) doping on the structural, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the chemical co-precipitation method. Nanoparticles with varying Fe concentrations (<i>x</i> = 0.00–0.05 in Zn<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>O) were thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), and Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis. XRD results indicate the formation of a hexagonal wurtzite ZnO phase without secondary impurity phases, with Fe doping influencing crystallite size and lattice parameters, and inducing strain based on the valence states of Fe at cationic sites. Spectroscopic analyses corroborate the coexistence of Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> states and reveal systematic changes in phonon and vibrational modes, reflecting Fe incorporation and defect formation. Morphological analysis via SEM demonstrates a concentration-dependent evolution from homogeneous nanoparticles to elongated columnar grains at higher Fe levels. Optical measurements show bandgap narrowing, attributed to sp–d exchange interactions and defect state formation. Magnetization studies reveal a transition from diamagnetic behavior in undoped ZnO to paramagnetic character with increasing Fe doping, linked to the presence of localized magnetic moments and point defects. These findings establish the process-sensitive and tunable nature of Fe-doped ZnO, highlighting its potential for applications in spintronics, optoelectronics, sensors, energy materials, and magnetic devices.</p>

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Modulating the Structural, Magnetic, and Optoelectronic Properties of ZnO Through Iron Doping Synthesized by Chemical Co-precipitation Method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Dheeraj Kumar,
  • Rajeev Ranjan,
  • Ayan Mukherjee,
  • Rajnish Kumar,
  • Dhirendra Kumar,
  • Santosh Kumar

摘要

This study investigates the effect of iron (Fe) doping on the structural, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the chemical co-precipitation method. Nanoparticles with varying Fe concentrations (x = 0.00–0.05 in Zn1−xFexO) were thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM), and Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis. XRD results indicate the formation of a hexagonal wurtzite ZnO phase without secondary impurity phases, with Fe doping influencing crystallite size and lattice parameters, and inducing strain based on the valence states of Fe at cationic sites. Spectroscopic analyses corroborate the coexistence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ states and reveal systematic changes in phonon and vibrational modes, reflecting Fe incorporation and defect formation. Morphological analysis via SEM demonstrates a concentration-dependent evolution from homogeneous nanoparticles to elongated columnar grains at higher Fe levels. Optical measurements show bandgap narrowing, attributed to sp–d exchange interactions and defect state formation. Magnetization studies reveal a transition from diamagnetic behavior in undoped ZnO to paramagnetic character with increasing Fe doping, linked to the presence of localized magnetic moments and point defects. These findings establish the process-sensitive and tunable nature of Fe-doped ZnO, highlighting its potential for applications in spintronics, optoelectronics, sensors, energy materials, and magnetic devices.