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<p>In this work, pure and iron-doped (1, 2, and 4&#xa0;mol.%) Bi<sub>4</sub>MoO<sub>9</sub> nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a sonochemical method, proving to be a rapid and energy-efficient route. The samples were characterized in terms of crystal structure, morphology, and optical and electrochemical properties using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott–Schottky analysis. Results demonstrated that Fe-doping reduced crystallinity and average crystallite size (from 26.3&#xa0;nm to 4.9&#xa0;nm), modifying particle morphology and increasing the specific surface area by up to 7-fold. Furthermore, iron incorporation tuned the material’s bandgap from 2.94&#xa0;eV to 2.41&#xa0;eV for the 4%-doped sample and enhanced the separation and mobility of charge carriers (<i>e</i><sup>−</sup>/<i>h</i><sup>+</sup>). In methylene blue dye degradation assays, the 4% Fe-doped sample (BMO4F) exhibited superior performance across all modalities, achieving 88% degradation via photocatalysis and 100% via piezocatalysis. Notably, an exceptional synergistic effect was observed in the photopiezocatalytic process, where the coupling of light excitation with ultrasound-induced polarization resulted in the total mineralization of the pollutant in just 45&#xa0;min. This process exhibited a kinetic rate constant 5 times higher than that of photocatalysis alone, highlighting the system’s innovative potential for wastewater treatment.</p>

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Sonochemical Synthesis of Fe-Doped Bi4MoO9 for Efficient Photo-, Piezo-, and Photopiezocatalytic Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • N. F. Andrade Neto,
  • J. M. P. Silva,
  • M. R. D. Bomio,
  • F. V. Motta

摘要

In this work, pure and iron-doped (1, 2, and 4 mol.%) Bi4MoO9 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a sonochemical method, proving to be a rapid and energy-efficient route. The samples were characterized in terms of crystal structure, morphology, and optical and electrochemical properties using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott–Schottky analysis. Results demonstrated that Fe-doping reduced crystallinity and average crystallite size (from 26.3 nm to 4.9 nm), modifying particle morphology and increasing the specific surface area by up to 7-fold. Furthermore, iron incorporation tuned the material’s bandgap from 2.94 eV to 2.41 eV for the 4%-doped sample and enhanced the separation and mobility of charge carriers (e−/h+). In methylene blue dye degradation assays, the 4% Fe-doped sample (BMO4F) exhibited superior performance across all modalities, achieving 88% degradation via photocatalysis and 100% via piezocatalysis. Notably, an exceptional synergistic effect was observed in the photopiezocatalytic process, where the coupling of light excitation with ultrasound-induced polarization resulted in the total mineralization of the pollutant in just 45 min. This process exhibited a kinetic rate constant 5 times higher than that of photocatalysis alone, highlighting the system’s innovative potential for wastewater treatment.