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<p>Despite significant progress in piezoelectric materials, the realization of a single material system capable of supporting both efficient energy harvesting and ultrasensitive piezoresistive pressure sensing remains a major challenge for wearable electronics. This study demonstrates the possibility of tuning the piezoelectric and piezoresistive behavior in ultrathin, unpoled poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene)/carbon black [P(VDF-TrFE)/CB] composite films, by varying the CB concentration within the polymer matrix. At 0.6&#xa0;wt.% CB loading, the films exhibited enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting performance, delivering an output voltage of 2.74 V<sub>pk−pk</sub> under a 6 N force at 1&#xa0;Hz excitation, corresponding to a peak power density of 4.7&#xa0;mW/cm<sup>3</sup>. Interestingly, increasing the CB content to 0.8 wt.% induced dominant piezoresistive behavior, with the films showing a remarkable 31% change in resistance under an applied force of 20&#xa0;g (0.5&#xa0;kPa). The device demonstrated an ultrahigh gauge factor of 1.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> and a sensitivity of 0.6&#xa0;kPa<sup>−1</sup>, highlighting its potential for low-pressure detection. This dual functionality highlights the ability to tune the electromechanical response of P(VDF-TrFE) simply by incorporating conductive nanofillers, thereby allowing both energy harvesting and high-performance pressure sensing in a single material platform. Moreover, this heterogeneous sensing platform provides a self-sustainable mechanism in which the harvested piezoelectric energy can also be utilized to support the piezoresistive sensing process, eliminating reliance on external power sources. These findings establish P(VDF-TrFE)/CB composites as a cost-effective and scalable pathway toward multifunctional, flexible, and durable materials for next-generation wearable sensing and energy harvesting applications.</p>

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Realization of Piezoresistive Behavior in P(VDF-TrFE) Thin Film via Carbon Black Modulation with Ultrahigh Gauge Factor

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Lavanya Muthusamy,
  • Makhluk Hossain Prio,
  • Goutam Koley

摘要

Despite significant progress in piezoelectric materials, the realization of a single material system capable of supporting both efficient energy harvesting and ultrasensitive piezoresistive pressure sensing remains a major challenge for wearable electronics. This study demonstrates the possibility of tuning the piezoelectric and piezoresistive behavior in ultrathin, unpoled poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene)/carbon black [P(VDF-TrFE)/CB] composite films, by varying the CB concentration within the polymer matrix. At 0.6 wt.% CB loading, the films exhibited enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting performance, delivering an output voltage of 2.74 Vpk−pk under a 6 N force at 1 Hz excitation, corresponding to a peak power density of 4.7 mW/cm3. Interestingly, increasing the CB content to 0.8 wt.% induced dominant piezoresistive behavior, with the films showing a remarkable 31% change in resistance under an applied force of 20 g (0.5 kPa). The device demonstrated an ultrahigh gauge factor of 1.5 × 106 and a sensitivity of 0.6 kPa−1, highlighting its potential for low-pressure detection. This dual functionality highlights the ability to tune the electromechanical response of P(VDF-TrFE) simply by incorporating conductive nanofillers, thereby allowing both energy harvesting and high-performance pressure sensing in a single material platform. Moreover, this heterogeneous sensing platform provides a self-sustainable mechanism in which the harvested piezoelectric energy can also be utilized to support the piezoresistive sensing process, eliminating reliance on external power sources. These findings establish P(VDF-TrFE)/CB composites as a cost-effective and scalable pathway toward multifunctional, flexible, and durable materials for next-generation wearable sensing and energy harvesting applications.