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<p>The renewable, low-cost, and superior physicochemical properties of coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC) position it as an excellent material for supercapacitor applications. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance of AC produced from coconut shell using two different activation processes: phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid (PASA), and potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid (SAPH). Comprehensive analyses of the morphology, pore structure, and electrochemical properties were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms driving the materials’ performance. The optimization of the activation process resulted in the SAPH-AC sample achieving a high specific surface area of 539&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g and a pore volume of 0.2772&#xa0;cm<sup>3</sup>/g, as determined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses. The charge contribution analysis showed that SAPH-AC stores charge mainly through capacitive-controlled process, due to the dual activating agent, and exhibits electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) characteristics. The SAPH-AC sample demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance, with a specific capacitance of 420.333&#xa0;F/g at 2&#xa0;A/g and an impressive energy density of 58.38&#xa0;Wh/kg in a three-electrode system. These findings underscore the potential of coconut shell-derived activated carbon as a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution for energy storage in supercapacitors, advancing the development of green energy technologies.</p>

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Influence of Chemical Activating Agent on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • B. Gokulapriya,
  • M. Selvapandiyan,
  • K. Jayaraman,
  • G. F. Nivetha,
  • M. Prasath

摘要

The renewable, low-cost, and superior physicochemical properties of coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC) position it as an excellent material for supercapacitor applications. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance of AC produced from coconut shell using two different activation processes: phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid (PASA), and potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid (SAPH). Comprehensive analyses of the morphology, pore structure, and electrochemical properties were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms driving the materials’ performance. The optimization of the activation process resulted in the SAPH-AC sample achieving a high specific surface area of 539 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.2772 cm3/g, as determined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses. The charge contribution analysis showed that SAPH-AC stores charge mainly through capacitive-controlled process, due to the dual activating agent, and exhibits electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) characteristics. The SAPH-AC sample demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance, with a specific capacitance of 420.333 F/g at 2 A/g and an impressive energy density of 58.38 Wh/kg in a three-electrode system. These findings underscore the potential of coconut shell-derived activated carbon as a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution for energy storage in supercapacitors, advancing the development of green energy technologies.