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<p>In this study, cobalt-doped manganese ferrite particles (Mn<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Co<sub><i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>; <i>x</i> = 0.0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09) were synthesized via the sol–gel method to explore their potential for energy storage applications. The effects of cobalt content on the structural, morphological, and dielectric properties were examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a single-phase cubic spinel structure (Fd-3&#xa0;m) without secondary phases. Higher Co content led to reduced crystallite size due to strain from ionic size mismatch. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed characteristic spinel ferrite vibrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed nearly spherical to irregularly rounded grains with moderate agglomeration, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified cobalt incorporation and elemental uniformity. The dielectric properties were investigated at room temperature using an LCR meter, focusing on capacitance, dielectric constants (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\varepsilon }_{r}{\prime}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\varepsilon }_{r}^{{\prime}{\prime}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), tangent loss (tan δ), and ac conductivity (σ<sub>ac</sub>). Dielectric analysis based on Maxwell–Wagner and Koop’s theory showed that cobalt doping improved both dielectric behavior and conductivity, with <i>x</i> = 0.09 achieving the best performance, highlighting the energy storage potential of Mn<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Co<sub><i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>

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Impact of Cobalt Doping on the Structural and Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Properties of Manganese Ferrites for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月14日

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  • Zahid Sarfraz,
  • Mozaffar Hussain,
  • M. Mumtaz,
  • Muhammad Luqman,
  • Muhammad Kaleem,
  • Munib Raza

摘要

In this study, cobalt-doped manganese ferrite particles (Mn1−xCoxFe2O4; x = 0.0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09) were synthesized via the sol–gel method to explore their potential for energy storage applications. The effects of cobalt content on the structural, morphological, and dielectric properties were examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a single-phase cubic spinel structure (Fd-3 m) without secondary phases. Higher Co content led to reduced crystallite size due to strain from ionic size mismatch. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed characteristic spinel ferrite vibrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed nearly spherical to irregularly rounded grains with moderate agglomeration, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified cobalt incorporation and elemental uniformity. The dielectric properties were investigated at room temperature using an LCR meter, focusing on capacitance, dielectric constants ( \({\varepsilon }_{r}{\prime}\) ε r ′ , \({\varepsilon }_{r}^{{\prime}{\prime}}\) ε r ′ ′ ), tangent loss (tan δ), and ac conductivity (σac). Dielectric analysis based on Maxwell–Wagner and Koop’s theory showed that cobalt doping improved both dielectric behavior and conductivity, with x = 0.09 achieving the best performance, highlighting the energy storage potential of Mn1−xCoxFe2O4.