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<p>Nanographene immobilized by transition metals such as Cu and Ni has been synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy techniques. The particles were rod-shaped, measuring 90–100&#xa0;nm in diameter. SEM data revealed the stalking together of exfoliated graphene oxide. Reduced graphene oxide immobilized by transition metals (Cu and Ni) showed surface plasmon effect. The porosity of the surface revealed that the surface plasmons were localized and dominated by the collective oscillation of electrons in the valence band of the metal. The three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide sheets resembled a loose sponge-like structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed rod-shaped metal particles immobilized on the RGO surface when exposed to a diffracted electron beam. The size of RGO was found to be less than 100&#xa0;nm, while the size of GO was more than 100&#xa0;nm. The band gap energy of RGO, RGO-Cu, and RGO-Ni was 1.35&#xa0;eV, 0.46&#xa0;eV, and 1.26&#xa0;eV, respectively. The primary 2<i>θ</i> peak for GO was a broad peak centered at around 11–12°, corresponding to the (001) plane, whereas RGO exhibited two prominent 2<i>θ</i> peaks at 25° and 43°. Copper-doped RGO displayed five peaks at 19°, 25°, 43°, 50°, and 74°, while the 2<i>θ</i> peaks of nickel-doped RGO were observed at 25°, 43°, 51°, and 52°. The synthesized compounds were tested for their ability to retain dissolved oxygen, revealing that RGO-Cu traps bacteria to a greater extent, with the dissolved oxygen (DO) level in water being maintained even after 5&#xa0;days. RGO-Ni works as a potent absorber of other pollutants in water to release more DO than normal bacteria, using oxygen to trap the harmful bacteria and reducing other metal oxides into neutral forms.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p> <p>A structure representing the formation of graphene-immobilized transition metal (Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Ni<sup>2+</sup>) by the reverse micelle method: Transition metals are immobilized in the micelle, and subsequently, graphene sheets interact with immobilized transition metal ions by facilitating their distribution on its surface.</p>

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Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanoparticles Immobilized to Graphene (GO and RGO) as an Enhancer of Dissolved Oxygen with Reduced Band-Gap Energy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月25日

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  • Vishnu Kumawat,
  • Sangita Aggarwal,
  • Manisha Singla,
  • Sunita Bansal,
  • Rajeev Singh,
  • Rajesh Kumar,
  • Palash Jyoti Das,
  • Subash Chandra Mohapatra

摘要

Nanographene immobilized by transition metals such as Cu and Ni has been synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy techniques. The particles were rod-shaped, measuring 90–100 nm in diameter. SEM data revealed the stalking together of exfoliated graphene oxide. Reduced graphene oxide immobilized by transition metals (Cu and Ni) showed surface plasmon effect. The porosity of the surface revealed that the surface plasmons were localized and dominated by the collective oscillation of electrons in the valence band of the metal. The three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide sheets resembled a loose sponge-like structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed rod-shaped metal particles immobilized on the RGO surface when exposed to a diffracted electron beam. The size of RGO was found to be less than 100 nm, while the size of GO was more than 100 nm. The band gap energy of RGO, RGO-Cu, and RGO-Ni was 1.35 eV, 0.46 eV, and 1.26 eV, respectively. The primary 2θ peak for GO was a broad peak centered at around 11–12°, corresponding to the (001) plane, whereas RGO exhibited two prominent 2θ peaks at 25° and 43°. Copper-doped RGO displayed five peaks at 19°, 25°, 43°, 50°, and 74°, while the 2θ peaks of nickel-doped RGO were observed at 25°, 43°, 51°, and 52°. The synthesized compounds were tested for their ability to retain dissolved oxygen, revealing that RGO-Cu traps bacteria to a greater extent, with the dissolved oxygen (DO) level in water being maintained even after 5 days. RGO-Ni works as a potent absorber of other pollutants in water to release more DO than normal bacteria, using oxygen to trap the harmful bacteria and reducing other metal oxides into neutral forms.

Graphical Abstract

A structure representing the formation of graphene-immobilized transition metal (Cu2+ and Ni2+) by the reverse micelle method: Transition metals are immobilized in the micelle, and subsequently, graphene sheets interact with immobilized transition metal ions by facilitating their distribution on its surface.