This article proposes a photonic crystal fiber sensor with a rectangular core (RC-PCF) specifically designed for the efficient detection of blood cells. To visualize the fiber and assess the sensor's performance, COMSOL simulation software is used for numerical analysis of the proposed fiber within the terahertz frequency range of 0.9–3 THz. The goal is to achieve higher relative sensitivity (RS) and confinement loss (CL), enhancing its suitability for sensing applications. The full-vectorial finite element method (FV-FEM) is employed to solve the electromagnetic equations and conduct numerical computations. The RC-PCF sensor demonstrates enhanced relative sensitivity at 2.4 THz, reaching 96.54% for water (1.33), 97.33% for plasma (1.35), 97.67% for white blood cells (1.36), 98.25% for hemoglobin (1.38), and 98.73% for red blood cells (1.40). Additionally, it exhibits minimal confinement loss, measured at 2.35 × 10−12 dBm−1 for water, 2.08 × 10−11 dBm−1 for plasma, 9.65 × 10−12 dBm−1 for white blood cells, 8.89 × 10−12 dBm−1 for hemoglobin, and 1.86 × 10−13 dBm−1 for red blood cells, all at the same frequency. Furthermore, the photonic crystal fiber features an effective mode area (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11664_2025_12420_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${A}_{eff}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">eff</mi> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of 3.53 × 10−8 m2, birefringence of 2.18 × 10−3, nonlinear coefficient of 3.56 × 10−8 W−1 m−1, effective material loss (EML) of 2.24 × 10−3 cm−1, and numerical aperture (NA) of 0.378. Additionally, the RC-PCF sensor structure is feasible for fabrication using existing advanced manufacturing techniques.

Design and Simulation of a Terahertz Sensor for Blood Components Detection Using Photonic Crystal Fiber

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发表日期：

2025年10月2日

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Shubham Sharma,
Ajeet Kumar,
Than Singh Saini

摘要

This article proposes a photonic crystal fiber sensor with a rectangular core (RC-PCF) specifically designed for the efficient detection of blood cells. To visualize the fiber and assess the sensor's performance, COMSOL simulation software is used for numerical analysis of the proposed fiber within the terahertz frequency range of 0.9–3 THz. The goal is to achieve higher relative sensitivity (RS) and confinement loss (CL), enhancing its suitability for sensing applications. The full-vectorial finite element method (FV-FEM) is employed to solve the electromagnetic equations and conduct numerical computations. The RC-PCF sensor demonstrates enhanced relative sensitivity at 2.4 THz, reaching 96.54% for water (1.33), 97.33% for plasma (1.35), 97.67% for white blood cells (1.36), 98.25% for hemoglobin (1.38), and 98.73% for red blood cells (1.40). Additionally, it exhibits minimal confinement loss, measured at 2.35 × 10⁻¹² dBm⁻¹ for water, 2.08 × 10⁻¹¹ dBm⁻¹ for plasma, 9.65 × 10⁻¹² dBm⁻¹ for white blood cells, 8.89 × 10⁻¹² dBm⁻¹ for hemoglobin, and 1.86 × 10⁻¹³ dBm⁻¹ for red blood cells, all at the same frequency. Furthermore, the photonic crystal fiber features an effective mode area ( ${A}_{eff}$ $A_{eff}$ ) of 3.53 × 10⁻⁸ m², birefringence of 2.18 × 10⁻³, nonlinear coefficient of 3.56 × 10⁻⁸ W⁻¹ m⁻¹, effective material loss (EML) of 2.24 × 10⁻³ cm⁻¹, and numerical aperture (NA) of 0.378. Additionally, the RC-PCF sensor structure is feasible for fabrication using existing advanced manufacturing techniques.