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<p>The present study investigates the effects of manganese (Mn) ion substitution on the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>), with a focus on its suitability for energy storage applications. In this study, Mn-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles with the general chemical formula Sn<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Mn<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.00, 0.10) were synthesized using the solid-state method. High-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) confirmed the retention of the tetragonal rutile structure in all samples, with peak shifts indicating successful incorporation of Mn into the SnO<sub>2</sub> lattice. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed spherical, well-distributed grains with increased porosity at higher doping levels, suggesting doping-induced changes in the growth mechanism. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal–oxygen bonds at 464&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> and hydroxyl groups at 2145&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, with notable shifts in vibrational peaks correlating to Mn content. The tangent loss was significantly reduced from 99.61 to 3.76 with 10% doping of Mn ions in the SnO<sub>2</sub> lattice. The room-temperature magnetic studies revealed that the saturation magnetization values increased from 0.015 (pure SnO<sub>2</sub>) to 0.018 for 10% Mn-doped SnO<sub>2</sub>. A highly intense Raman peak at 631&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> confirmed the formation of the rutile phase of SnO<sub>2</sub>. Current–voltage (I–V) measurements of the prepared hydroelectric cells (area = 4 cm<sup>2</sup>) delivered maximum output current of 17.114&#xa0;mA with a maximum output offload voltage of 1&#xa0;V, and maximum power output of 17.208 mW for the composition <i>x</i> = 0.10. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies confirmed the occurrence of redox reactions on the surface of the hydroelectric cell. These improvements position Mn-substituted SnO<sub>2</sub> as a promising material for next-generation energy storage devices.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Hydroelectric Cell Fabrication Using Transition Metal-Doped SnO2 for Efficient Green Energy Generation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Sejwal Anjali,
  • Prachi Jain,
  • U. C. Srivastava,
  • S. Shankar

摘要

The present study investigates the effects of manganese (Mn) ion substitution on the structural, morphological, electrical, and magnetic properties of tin dioxide (SnO2), with a focus on its suitability for energy storage applications. In this study, Mn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles with the general chemical formula Sn1−xMnxO2 (x = 0.00, 0.10) were synthesized using the solid-state method. High-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) confirmed the retention of the tetragonal rutile structure in all samples, with peak shifts indicating successful incorporation of Mn into the SnO2 lattice. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed spherical, well-distributed grains with increased porosity at higher doping levels, suggesting doping-induced changes in the growth mechanism. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal–oxygen bonds at 464 cm−1 and hydroxyl groups at 2145 cm−1, with notable shifts in vibrational peaks correlating to Mn content. The tangent loss was significantly reduced from 99.61 to 3.76 with 10% doping of Mn ions in the SnO2 lattice. The room-temperature magnetic studies revealed that the saturation magnetization values increased from 0.015 (pure SnO2) to 0.018 for 10% Mn-doped SnO2. A highly intense Raman peak at 631 cm−1 confirmed the formation of the rutile phase of SnO2. Current–voltage (I–V) measurements of the prepared hydroelectric cells (area = 4 cm2) delivered maximum output current of 17.114 mA with a maximum output offload voltage of 1 V, and maximum power output of 17.208 mW for the composition x = 0.10. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies confirmed the occurrence of redox reactions on the surface of the hydroelectric cell. These improvements position Mn-substituted SnO2 as a promising material for next-generation energy storage devices.

Graphical Abstract