This study examines the impact of glycerol on the structural and electrochemical properties of polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with 9% sodium fluoride (NaF) to develop enhanced solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates a reduction in crystallinity as the glycerol content increases. At 0% glycerol, sharp XRD peaks correspond to high crystallinity, while at 32% glycerol, peak broadening and reduced intensity indicate an amorphous structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms interactions between PEO, NaF, and glycerol, with key changes in O–H, C–H, and C=O stretching vibrations, highlighting enhanced hydrogen bonding and salt complexation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that increasing the glycerol content decreases bulk resistance (Rb) from 550 kΩ at 0% glycerol to 5.7 kΩ at 32% glycerol, while improving ionic conductivity (σdc) from 1.26 × 10−8 S/cm to <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11664_2025_12031_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$1.35\times {10}^{-6}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1.35</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> S/cm, corresponding to an approximately 107-fold increase. Dielectric constant (ε′) measurements show higher polarization at low frequencies for the 32% glycerol sample. Dielectric loss (ε″) decreases with increasing frequency, with glycerol-doped samples demonstrating enhanced ionic mobility. While the conductivity remains below that of some other plasticized systems, the findings provide valuable insight into the effect of glycerol on NaF-based PEO electrolytes—a previously underexplored system. These modifications render the PEO-NaF-glycerol system a promising candidate for energy storage applications, including solid-state batteries and supercapacitors, and highlight the importance of optimizing glycerol concentration to improve electrochemical performance.

Glycerol as a Multifunctional Modifier: Synergistic Enhancement of Electrical and Structural Properties in PEO:NaF Electrolytes

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发表日期：

2025年5月21日

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Pshdar Ahmed Ibrahim,
Shujahadeen Bakr Aziz,
Peshawa H. Mahmood,
Ibrahim Nazem Qader,
Abubakr Wsu Muhammed,
Hazhar Hamad Rasul,
Safar Saeed Mohammed,
Dlshad Aziz Hamid,
Ibrahim Luqman Salih,
Karukh Ali Babakr,
Peyman Aspoukeh,
Sarbast Mamnd Hussein

摘要

This study examines the impact of glycerol on the structural and electrochemical properties of polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with 9% sodium fluoride (NaF) to develop enhanced solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates a reduction in crystallinity as the glycerol content increases. At 0% glycerol, sharp XRD peaks correspond to high crystallinity, while at 32% glycerol, peak broadening and reduced intensity indicate an amorphous structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms interactions between PEO, NaF, and glycerol, with key changes in O–H, C–H, and C=O stretching vibrations, highlighting enhanced hydrogen bonding and salt complexation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that increasing the glycerol content decreases bulk resistance (R_b) from 550 kΩ at 0% glycerol to 5.7 kΩ at 32% glycerol, while improving ionic conductivity (σ_dc) from 1.26 × 10⁻⁸ S/cm to $1.35\times {10}^{-6}$ $1.35 \times 10^{- 6}$ S/cm, corresponding to an approximately 107-fold increase. Dielectric constant (ε′) measurements show higher polarization at low frequencies for the 32% glycerol sample. Dielectric loss (ε″) decreases with increasing frequency, with glycerol-doped samples demonstrating enhanced ionic mobility. While the conductivity remains below that of some other plasticized systems, the findings provide valuable insight into the effect of glycerol on NaF-based PEO electrolytes—a previously underexplored system. These modifications render the PEO-NaF-glycerol system a promising candidate for energy storage applications, including solid-state batteries and supercapacitors, and highlight the importance of optimizing glycerol concentration to improve electrochemical performance.